Kinetic Energy and Work

Kinetic Energy and Work Chapter 7

Introduction to Energy • The concept of energy is one of the most important topics in science • Every physical process that occurs in the Universe involves energy and energy transfers or transformations

Work and Energy Energy:scalar quantity associated with a state (or condition) of one or more objects. Work and energy are scalars, measured in N·m or Joules, J, 1J=kg∙m2/s2 Energy can exist in many forms - mechanical, electrical, nuclear, thermal, chemical….

Energy Approach to Problems • The energy approach to describing motion is particularly useful when the force is not constant • An approach will involve Conservation of Energy • This could be extended to biological organisms, technological systems and engineering situations

Work and Energy Energy is a conserved quantity - the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy can be converted from one type to another but never destroyed. Work and energy concepts can simplify solutions of mechanical problems - they can be used in an alternative analysis

Systems • A system is a small portion of the Universe • We will ignore the details of the rest of the Universe • A critical skill is to identify the system

Valid System • A valid system may • be a single object or particle • be a collection of objects or particles • be a region of space • vary in size and shape

Environment • There is a system boundary around the system • The boundary is an imaginary surface • It does not necessarily correspond to a physical boundary • The boundary divides the system from the environment • The environment is the rest of the Universe

Work • The work,W, done on a system by an agent exerting a constant force on the system is the product of the magnitude,F, of the force, the magnitudeΔrof the displacement of the point of application of the force, andcos θ, whereθis the angle between the force and the displacement vectors

Work • W = FΔr cos θ • The displacement is that of the point of application of the force • A force does no work on the object if the force does not move through a displacement • The work done by a force on a moving object is zero when the force applied is perpendicular to the displacement of its point of application

Work Example • The normal force,n, and the gravitational force,mg, do no work on the object cos θ= cos 90° = 0 • The forceFdoes do work on the object

More About Work • The system and the environment must be determined when dealing with work • The environment does work on the system (Work by the environment on the system) • The sign of the work depends on the direction ofFrelative toΔr • Work is positive when projection ofFontoΔris in the same direction as the displacement • Work is negative when the projection is in the opposite direction

Work Is An Energy Transfer • This is important for a system approach to solving a problem • If the work is done on a system and it is positive, energy is transferred to the system • If the work done on the system is negative, energy is transferred from the system

Work done by a constant force Work done on an object by a constant force is defined to be the product of the magnitude of the displacement and the component of the force parallel to the displacement WhereFIIis the component of the forceFparallel to the displacementd W = FII · d

F q d Work W = F d cosq In other words - Whereθis the angle betweenFand d Ifθis > 90o, work is negative. A decelerating car has negative work done on it by its engine. The unit of work is called Joule (J), 1 J = 1 N·m 1J=kg∙m2/s2

Scalar Product of Two Vectors • The scalar product of two vectors is written asA . B It is also called the dot product • A . B = A B cos θ θis the angle betweenAandB

Scalar Product • The scalar product is commutative A . B = B . A • The scalar product obeys the distributive law of multiplication A . (B + C) = A . B + A . C

Dot Products of Unit Vectors • Using component form with AandB:

Work - on and by A person pushes block30 malong the ground by exerting force of25 Non the trolley. How much work does the person do on the trolley? W = F d = 25N x 30m = 750 Nm Trolley does -750 Nmwork on the person Ftp Fpt d

A force acts on an object as the object moves in the x direction from the origin to x = 5.00 m. Find the work W = Fdrdone on the object by the force.

Mechanical Energy Mechanical energy (energy associated with masses) can be thought of as having two components: kineticand potential • Kinetic energy is energy of motion • Potential energy is energy of position

Kinetic Energy In many situations, energy can be considered as“the ability to do work” Energy can exist in different forms Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the motion of an object A moving object can do work on another object • E.g hammer does work on nail.

Kinetic Energy Consider an object with massmmoving in a straight line with initial velocityvi. To accelerate it uniformly to a speedvfa constant net forceFis exerted on it parallel to motion over a distanced. Work done on object W = F d = m a d(NII) So

Kinetic Energy If we rearrange this we obtain We define the quantity½mv2to be the translational kinetic energy (KE) of the object This is the ‘Work-Energy Theorem’: “The net work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic energy” W = DKE

The Work-Energy Theorem W = DKE • Note • The net work done on an object is the work done by the net force. • Units of energy and work must be the same (J)

I.Kinetic energy Energy associated with the state of motion of an object. Units: 1 Joule = 1J = 1 kgm2/s2 II. Work To  +W From  -W Energy transferred “to” or “from” an object by means of a force acting on the object.

- Constant force: Work done by the force = Energy transfer due to the force.

To calculate the work done on an object by a force during • a displacement, we use only the force component along • the object’s displacement. The force component perpendicular • to the displacement does zero work. • Assumptions:1) F = constant force • 2) Object is particle-like (rigid object, all parts of the object must move together). A force does+Wwhen it has a vector component in the same direction as the displacement, and–Wwhen it has a vector component in the opposite direction.W=0when it has no such vector component.

Net work done by several forces = Sum of works done by individual forces. Calculation:1) Wnet= W1+W2+W3+… 2) Fnet  Wnet=Fnet d

II. Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem Change in the kinetic energy of the particle = Net work done on the particle III. Work done by a constant force - Gravitational force: Rising object:W= mgd cos180º = -mgd Fgtransfers mgdenergy from the object’s kinetic energy. Falling down object:W= mgd cos 0º = +mgd Fgtransfers mgdenergy to the object’s kinetic energy.

External applied force + Gravitational force: Object stationary before and after the lift:Wa+Wg=0 The applied force transfers the same amount of energy to the object as the gravitational force transfers from the object.

IV. Work done by a variable force - Spring force: Hooke’s law k= spring constant  measures spring’s stiffness.Units:N/m

Hooke’s Law • When xis positive (spring is stretched),Fis negative • Whenx is0(at the equilibrium position),F is0 • When xis negative (spring is compressed),Fis positive

Hooke’s Law • The force exerted by the spring is always directed opposite to the displacement from equilibrium • Fis called the restoring force • If the block is released it will oscillate back and forth between –x and x

Hooke’s law: xi Δx x Work done by a spring force: • Spring is massless mspring << mblock • Ideal spring  obeys Hooke’s law exactly. • Contact between the block and floor is frictionless. • Block is particle-like. Assumptions:

- Calculation: • The block displacement must be divided • into many segments of infinitesimal width,Δx. • 2)F(x) ≈ ctewithin each shortΔxsegment. Fx xi Δx xf x Fj Ws>0  Block ends up closer to the relaxed position (x=0) than it was initially. Ws<0  Block ends up further away fromx=0. Ws=0  Block ends up at x=0.

Work done by an applied force + spring force: Block stationary before and after the displacement: Wa= -Ws The work done by the applied force displacing the block is the negative of the work done by the spring force.

If it takes4.00 Jof work to stretch a Hooke's-law spring10.0 cmfrom its unstressed length, determine the extra work required to stretch it an additional10.0 cm.

A2.00-kgblock is attached to a spring of force constant500 N/m.The block is pulled5.00 cmto the right of equilibrium and released from rest. Find the speed of the block as it passes through equilibrium if (a) the horizontal surface is frictionless and (b) the coefficient of friction between block and surface is0.350.

Work done by a general variable force: • Assume that during a very small displacement,Δx,Fis constant • For that displacement,W ~ FΔx • For all of the intervals,

Work done by a general variable force: • Therefore, • The work done is equal to the area under the curve

3D-Analysis Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem - Variable force

V. Power Time rate at which the applied force does work. - Average power:amount of work done in an amount of time Δt by a force. • Instantaneous power: • instantaneous time rate of doing work. Units:1 watt= 1 W = 1J/s 1 kilowatt-hour = 1000W·h = 1000J/s x 3600s = 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 MJ F φ x

In the figure below a2N force is applied to a4kgblock at a downward angleθas the block moves right-ward through1macross a frictionless floor. Find an expression for the speedvfat the end of that distance if the block’s initial velocity is: (a)0and (b)1m/sto the right. N Fx mg Fy (a) N Fx Fy mg

(c) The situation in fig.(b) is similar in that the block is initially moving at1m/sto the right, but now the2Nforce is directed downward to the left. Find an expression for the speed of the block at the end of the 1m distance. N Fx mg Fy N Fx Fy mg

A small particle of mass mis pulled to the top of a frictionless half-cylinder (of radius R) by a cord that passes over the top of the cylinder, as illustrated in Figure. (a) If the particle moves at a constant speed, show that F = mgcos. (Note: If the particle moves at constant speed, the component of its acceleration tangent to the cylinder must be zero at all times.) (b) By directly integrating W = Fdr, find the work done in moving the particle at constant speed from the bottom to the top of the half-cylinder.

Two springs with negligible masses, one with spring constant k1 and the other with spring constant k2, are attached to the endstops of a level air track as in Figure. A glider attached to both springs is located between them. When the glider is in equilibrium, spring 1 is stretched by extension xi1 to the right of its unstretched length and spring 2 is stretched by xi2 to the left. Now a horizontal force Fapp is applied to the glider to move it a distance xa to the right from its equilibrium position. Show that in this process (a) the work done on spring 1 is k1(xa2+2xaxi1) , (b) the work done on spring 2 is k2(xa2 – 2xaxi2) , (c) xi2 is related to xi1 by xi2 = k1xi1/k2, and (d) the total work done by the force Fapp is (k1 + k2)xa2.

N6.A2kglunchbox is sent sliding over a frictionless surface, in the positive direction of anxaxis along the surface. Beginning att=0, a steady wind pushes on the lunchbox in the negative direction ofx so it’s position is changed as x=t–0.1t2. Estimate the kinetic energy of the lunchbox at (a) t=1s, (b)t=5s. (c) How much work does the force from the wind do on the lunch box fromt=1s tot=5s?

N Fgx Fgy mg N12.In the figure below a horizontal forceFaof magnitude20N is applied to a3kgbook, as the book slides a distance ofd=0.5m up a frictionless ramp. (a) During the displacement, what is the net force done on the book byFa, the gravitational force on the book and the normal force on the book? (b) If the book has zero kinetic energy at the start of the displacement, what is the speed at the end of the displacement? x y

Kinetic Energy and Work