Understanding Behaviorism in Basic Medical Theory

1. 第二章行为医学的基本理论

2. Behaviorism Theory Learning Theory

3. Behaviorism John B.Watson 约翰.华生 （1878—1958）

4. Behaviorism • 冯特“心理学是研究意识的科学” • 华生：心理学应该研究可以被观察和直接测量的行为，反对研究没有科学根据的意识。他反对内省的研究方法，主张以纯实验的方法研究心理学。

5. 华生1919年《行为主义观点的心理学》 1925年《行为主义》 • 行为主义观点认为，心理学不应该研究意识，只应该研究行为。所谓行为就是有机体用以适应环境变化的各种身体反应的组合。这些反应不外是肌肉收缩和腺体分泌，它们有的表现在身体外部，有的隐藏在身体内部，强度有大有小。

6. 华生认为心理学研究行为的任务就在于查明刺激与反应之间的规律性关系。这样就能根据刺激推知反应，根据反应推知刺激，达到预测和控制行为的目的。可以丢开意识去考察 行为 。运用更客观的方法去研究行为。 • S-----------R

7. “Give me a dozen health infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ will guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select, doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,vocations, and race of his ancestors” —(John B. Watson,1925)

8. Burrbus Frederick Skinner斯金纳 （1904—1990）

9. Albert Bandura 班杜拉 (1925--)

10. Behaviorism S——R • New behaviorism S——O——R

11. Basic styles of learning • 1.Classical conditioning • 2.Operant conditioning (Instrumental conditioning) • 3.Observational learning ( Social learning)

12. Pavlovian 巴甫洛夫 (1849-1936)

13. Classical conditioning

16. Classical conditioning • A set of procedures, developed by Pavlov, used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning leads to the learning of relations between events- that occur outside of one’s control.

17. Classical conditioning （UCS）→（UCR）（CS）+（UCS）→ (UCR)（CS）→（CR）

20. Operant conditioning

21. Skinner’s box

22. Operant Conditioning A form of behaviorism based on the premise that reinforced behaviors tend to continue, while those that are punished or are not reinforced tend to gradually end.

23. Operant Conditioning(reformation) Response (behavior) Consequence (reinforcer) Effect on behavior (increasing)

24. Observational Learning • Observational Learning • Learning that occurs as a result of observing the experiences of others. Also called social learning

25. Basic principles of learning • reinforcement • Punishment • extinction • generalization • habituation • shaping • modeling

26. habituation • habituation • An event occurs repeatedly, but in this case, the reaction of the animal wanes with repeated exposure. • A behavioural alteration where an organism gets accustomed to a particular stimuli, and no longer produces a response to it.

27. Psychoanalytic Theory Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud（1856—1939）

28. Psychoanalysis • Unconscious theory • Theories of personality • Libido: Stages of psychosexual development • Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms • Dream interpretation

29. Conscious The contents of awareness — those things that occupy the focus of one’s current attention. Preconscious Information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness. Unconscious A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, memories, urges, and conflicts that are truly beyond awareness.

30. Freud's personality theory Id The portion of personality that is governed by inborn instinctual drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression. —— pleasure principle

31. Ego The portion of personality that induces people to act with reason and deliberation and helps them conform to the requirements of the external world. —— reality principle

32. Superego The portion of personality that motivates people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance with the moral customs defined by parents and culture. —— idealistic principle

33. Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms • When we are unsuccessful in resolving a conflict through normal constructive actions, we become anxious. Anxiety is considered both a symptom of conflict and a signal to use a defense mechanism. Defense mechanisms are psychological maneuvers by which we distort reality in ways that will help us avoid conflicts and reduce anxiety.

34. Defense Mechanisms • Repression • Denial • Undoing • Regression • Projection • Displacement • Reaction formation • Rationalization • Compensation • Intellectualization • Sublimation

35. Psychoanalytic therapy Techniques • Free Associations • The Analysis of Dreams • The Analysis of resistance • The Analysis of transference • Interpretation

36. Humanism Theory Humanism Psychology . humanistic psychology as the "third force" in psychology • Humanism is a psychological approach that emphasises the study of the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual.  

37. Humanism Theory • Abraham H. Maslow 马斯洛(1908—1970)

38. Carl Ranson. Rogers 罗杰斯(1902-1987 )

40. Self-actualization自我实现 Kurt Goldstein "the tendency to actualize itself as fully as possible is the basic drive...the drive of self-actualization.“ Carl Rogers "the curative force in psychotherapy -man's tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities...to express and activate all the capacities of the organism."

41. Humanism Perspective • It views human nature is inherently and rational and as naturally moving toward self-actualization . Psychological disorders result when a person’s natural tendency toward self-actualization is blocked. Remove the psychological blocks, and the person can move toward self-actualization

42. Cognitive Theory • Cognitive psychology Theory • The school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language.

43. Aaron Beck 贝克(1921 - ) • Beck’s cognitive therapy

44. Albert Ellis艾里斯 (1913 -) rational-emotive therapy, RET; rational-emotive-behavior therapy, REBT

45. The cognitive perspective It suggests that faulty thinking or distorted perceptions can contribute to some types of psychological disorders. For example, negative thinking is intimately involved in depression and anxiety. Treatment consistent with this perspective is aimed at changing thinking and perceptions, which presumably will lead to a change in behavior

46. Psychophysiological theory • Cannon 坎农 • Pavlov 巴甫洛夫 • Selye 塞里 • Wolff 沃尔夫 • Miller 米勒

47. New Direction of Psychology • Positive psychology • Cultural and cross-cultural psychology • Evolutionary psychology

48. Psychosexual Stages • 1.oral stage (0---1): mouth, feeding ,fixation • 2.anal stage (2---3): anus, toilet training, fixation • 3.phallic stage (4---5): genitals, Oedipus complex • 4.latency stage (6 to puberty):none • 5.genital stage (puberty on): genitals • Libido • Dream analysis • Dream work

49. The end