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Routes of Human Mobility

Routes of Human Mobility. Global Immigration Patterns. NET OUT-MIGRATION Asia Latin America Africa NET IN-MIGRATION North America Europe Oceania The global pattern reflects the importance of migration from less developed countries to more developed countries.

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Routes of Human Mobility

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  1. Routes of Human Mobility

  2. Global Immigration Patterns • NET OUT-MIGRATION • Asia • Latin America • Africa • NET IN-MIGRATION • North America • Europe • Oceania • The global pattern reflects the importance of migration from less developed countries to more developed countries.

  3. Global Immigration Patterns • The population of the US includes about 30 million immigrants. • Largest number of immigrants in the world but a smaller percentage - 1/10th of total population • ½ Latin America • More than 1/2 are from Mexico • ¼ Asia • ¼ Europe • Australia – 1/4th of total population • Canada – 1/6th of total population • Highest percentage of immigrants can be found in the Middle East – approx. ½ of the total population

  4. US Immigration Patterns • About 70 million people have migrated to the United States since 1820. (30 million currently alive) • The US has had three main eras in immigration – and has drawn from areas all over the globe.

  5. Colonial Immigration from England & Africa • Immigration to the American colonies and the newly independent United States came from two sources: Europe & Africa. • Most of the Africans were forced to migrate to the U.S. as slaves. • Approx. 650,000 to “USA” • Most Europeans were voluntarymigrants – although harsh economic conditions and persecution in Europe blurred the distinction between forced & voluntary migration for many Europeans. • 1 million before Independence • 1 million between 1776-1840 • 90% Great Britain • 10% Dutch, Swedes, French, Germans, Swiss, Spanish, Portuguese

  6. 19th& early 20thCentury European Immigration to the United States • In the 500 years since Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain to the Western Hemisphere, about 65 million Europeans have migrated to other continents. • For 40 million of them the destination was the United States. • There are three peaks of European Immigration

  7. First Peak of European Immigration • 1607–1840 – 2 million (90% Great Britain) ___________________________ • 1840-1860 – 4 million • 90% came from Northern & WesternEurope • 2/5th Ireland – economic • 1/3rd Germany – economic & political • Immigration declined during the 1860s

  8. Second Peak of European Immigration • 1870-1890 – ½ million annually • Again, more than 3/4th came from Northernand Western Europe. • Germans & Irish • Scandinaviancountries • Entered into stage 2 of the demographic transition due to the Industrial Revolution – too many people, not enough opportunities • Economic problems in the US discouraged immigration in the 1890s

  9. Third Peak of European Immigration • 1900-1920s – approx. 1 million annually • Southern& EasternEurope • Most came from countries that previously had sent few people. • 1/4th from Italy, Russia, & Austria-Hungary • The shift coincided with the diffusion of the Industrial Revolution…to southern & eastern Europe • 1910 – 13million US residents were either foreign born or had at least one foreign-born parent • 14% of the 92 million Americans at the time

  10. Recent Immigration from Less Developed Regions • Immigration to the United States dropped sharply in the 1930s and 1940s, during the Great Depression and World War II • Steadily increased in the 50s, 60s, & 70s • Surged to historically high levels during the 80s, 90s, 00s

  11. Immigration from Asia • 1800s-1960s – only 1 million • 1970s-today – over 7 million • Asia was the leading source of immigrants between the late 1970s and the late 1980s until overtaken by Latin America • Four leading Asian sources today • China • Philippines • India • Vietnam

  12. Immigration from Latin America • 1820-1860 – approx. 2 million • 1960-2000 – approx. 11 million • 1960s – began entering Stages 2 & 3 • Pushed by poor economic conditions • Lured by economic opportunity & social advancement • Mexico passed Germany during the 1980s as the country that has sent to the United States the most immigrants ever, currently more than 8 million – legal

  13. Internal US Migration

  14. Internal US Migration Colonial Times • Few colonists ventured far from coastal locations because they depended on shipping links with Europe to receive products and to export raw materials • Hindered by intervening obstacles • Appalachian Mountains • Hostile Indigenous residents (Indians)

  15. Internal US Migration Early Settlement in the Interior • Encouraged by the opportunity to obtain a large amount of land at a low price, people moved into river valleys and fertile level lowlands as far west as the Mississippi R. • Transportation improvements helped to open the interior • Erie Canal • The diffusion of steam powered boats further speeded water travel.

  16. Internal US Migration Early Settlement in the Interior • The population center shiftedwestrapidly because most western pioneers during the mid nineteenth century passed through the interior of the country on their way to California • Westward advancement of settlement stopped at the 98th meridian • Maps labeled the region west of the 98th meridian as the Great American Desert. (Great Plains) • No trees and little rainfall • Ironically, this is one of the world’s richest farming areas

  17. Internal US Migration Settlement of the Great Plains • The US population center continued to migrate westward but at a much slower pace after 1880 • Large scale migration to the East Coast by immigrants offset some of the westward migration • It also slowed down as people began to fill in the area betweenthe 98th meridian and California • The Railroad created towns between destinations • Omaha, Kansas City, Salt Lake City, Denver • Someone had to live and work there • Realization of the fertile soil • In 1980 the Center of US Population jumped west of the Mississippi River for the 1st time.

  18. Internal US Migration Recent Growth of the South SUNBELT • During the 1990s, for the first time more Americans moved out of the West than into the West. • Americans are now migrating into the South • Economic opportunities • Environmental Reasons • Interregional migration has slowed in the 21st Century.

  19. African American Internal Migration • From 1890 – 1960 approximately seven million African Americans migrated from the South to the North, Midwest and West. • Migrated to • Escape Racism • Seek Employment in Industrial Cities • Get a better Education (self/family) • Since 1970 the trend has reversed. • De-industrialization of northern cities • Growth of jobs in the “New South” • Improving race relations

  20. Intraregional Migration in the U.S. • Far more people move within the same region, which is known as intraregionalmigration. • Less than 5 percent of the world’s people lived in urban areas in 1800, compared to 50 percent today.

  21. Urban vs. Rural • Urbanization—is the growth of city populations and the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. • Urbanization began in the 1800s in the countries of Europe and North America that were undergoing rapid industrial development. • Migrations from rural to urban areas has skyrocketed in recent years in the less developed countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

  22. Urban vs. Rural • In more developedcountries, most intraregional migration is from central cities out to the suburbs. • As a result of suburbanization, the territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded. • URBAN SPRAWL

  23. Problems Associated with Growth of Urban Areas • Transportation problems • Rich/Poor neighborhoods—isolated from one another • Providing essential services (fresh water, sewage, disposal, electricity, schools, clinics) becomes a problem • Air, water, and noise pollution increase • Sprawl results • Rapid Immigration leads to Shantytowns • In Developing countries, major cities are more connected to regions outside the country than to regions within the country

  24. Counter-urbanization • During the late 20th Century – the more developed countries witnessed a new trend as more people immigrated into rural areas than emigrated out of them – Counter-urbanization • Like suburbanization, people move for lifestyle reasons. • Many migrants are retired people

  25. Why Do People Migrate Within other Countries? • Russia • Komsomol • Government incentives in Brazil and Indonesia • Economic migration within European countries • Restricted migration in India

  26. Migration in Europe Figure 3-20

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