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2. The Industrial Revolution Preview Questions • What technological changes led to the development of industrialization?  • What was the social impact of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, especially on women and children? Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-3

3. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s for several reasons. • Improved farming methods increased the food supply, so food prices decreased & gave families more money for manufactured goods. • more food supply supported a growing population. • Britain had a ready supply of capital (money to invest) for industrial machines and factories. • Entrepreneurs were looking for ways to invest and make profits. • Britain had abundant natural resources and a supply of markets, in part because of its colonial empire. (pages 363–365) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-7

4. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) • 18th cent. Great Britain surged ahead in the production of cotton goods. • The two-step process of spinning and weaving had been done by individuals in their homes, a production method called cottage industry. • A series of inventions–the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny, and the water-powered loom invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1787–made both weaving and spinning faster. • It was now efficient to bring workers to the new machines in factories. • Cottage industry no longer was efficient. (pages 363–365) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-9

5. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) • 1782 - Scottish engineer James Watt improved the steam engine in so it could drive machinery. • Steam power was used to spin and weave cotton. • Steam-powered cotton mills proliferated throughout Britain. • The steam engines used coal. • Mills no longer had to be located near water. • By 1840 cotton cloth was Britain’s most valuable product. (pages 363–365) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-11

6. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) • The steam engine’s reliance on coal led to an increase in the coal industry. • The coal supply seemed unlimited. • Coal also transformed the iron industry. • Using the process developed by Henry Cort called puddling, industry produced a better quality of iron. • In 1740 Britain produced 17,000 tons of iron. • By 1852 Britain was producing almost 3 million tons of iron annually. (pages 363–365) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-13

7. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) • Railroads were crucial to the Industrial Revolution. • The first railroads were slow, but they developed rapidly. • 1830 - The Rocket was used on the first public railway line • The Rocket pulled a 40-ton train at 16 mph. • By 1850, trains were going 50 mph, & Great Britain had more than 6,000 miles of track. • The less expensive transportation lowered the price of goods and made for larger markets. • Lower cost meant higher demand & the market continued to grow (pages 363–365) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-15

8. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.) • The factory was another important aspect of the IR, because it created a new kind of labor system. • To keep the machines going constantly, workers had to work in shifts. • Factory owners trained the rural laborers to work the same hours each day and to do repetitive work. • Many of the new factory workers were women and girls, who made up a substantial majority of the workers in textile factories. • Factory owners sometimes had whole families work for them. (pages 363–365) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-18

9. TheSpreadofIndustrialization • Britain became the world’s greatest industrial nation. • It produced 50% of the world’s cotton goods and coal. • The IR spread to other parts of the world at different speeds. • Belgium, France, and Germany were the first to industrialize. • Eventually, The Industrial Revolution hit the United States. • 1800 - 6 out of 7 American workers were farmers. • 1860 - it was only 1 out of every 2. (page 366) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-20

10. TheSpreadofIndustrialization(cont.) • Over this period, the population grew from about 5 to 30 million people, and a number of large cities developed. • The United States needed a transportation system & miles of roads and canals were built. • Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807. • The railroad was the most important transportation development. • 1830 - America had fewer than 100 miles of track. • 1860 - it had about 30,000 miles of track. • The railroad turned the United States into a massive market. (page 366) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-21

11. TheSpreadofIndustrialization(cont.) Imagine you are a nineteenth-century rural settler in the Ohio Valley, and you see a steamboat for the first time. What is your reaction? (page 366) Section 1-25

12. Social Impact in Europe • 1750 – 1850: Europe’s population nearly doubled to 266 million. • chief reason was a decline in death from disease. • The increased food supply fed the people better, & famine largely disappeared from western Europe. • The Irish potato famine in the 1840s was an exception, with almost one million people dying. (pages 367–370) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-26

13. Social Impact in Europe (cont.) • Cities were the home to many industries. • People moved in from the country to find work, taking the new railroads. • London’s population increased from about 1 million in 1800 to about 2,500,000 in 1850. • Many inhabitants of these rapidly growing cities lived in miserable conditions. • workers faced horrible working conditions with hours ranging from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week. • No one had security on the job, and there was no minimum wage. (pages 367–370) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-27

14. Social Impact in Europe (cont.) • In Britain, women and children made up 2/3 of the cotton industry’s workforce. • The Factory Act of 1833 set 9 as the minimum age to work. • Children 9-13 could work only 9 hrs/day; those between ages 13-18 could work only 12 hours. • Women were paid half or less than the men. • Excessive working hours for women were outlawed in 1844. • men were now expected to support the family • women were to take care of the home & perform low-paying jobs in the home (pages 367–370) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-31

15. Social Impact in Europe (cont.) • The pitiful conditions for workers in the IR led to a movement called socialism. • Under socialism, society, usually government, owns and controls some means of production–such as factories and utilities. • A famous utopian socialist was Robert Owen, a British cotton manufacturer. • He believed people would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. • Later socialists like Karl Marx thought these ideas were not practical and called those who believed them utopian socialists. (pages 367–370) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 1-33a

16. Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. A. capital B. cottage industry C. puddling D. industrial capitalism E. socialism __ 1. a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes __ 2. process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron __ 3. a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production __ 4. money available for investment __ 5. an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing B C E A D Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers. Section 1-37

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18. National Unification and the National State Preview Questions • What were the roles of Camillo di Cavour and Otto von Bismarck in the unification of their countries?  • What caused the American Civil War? Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-3

19. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe • The revolutions of 1848 did not unify Germany & Italy. • By 1871 both Germany and Italy were unified, a change caused by the Crimean War. • The Crimean War was rooted in a conflict between Russia & the Ottoman Empire, which controlled much of the Balkans in southeastern Europe. • The power of the Ottoman Empire declined in the nineteenth century. (pages 378–379) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-7

20. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (cont.) • Russia wanted to expand into the Balkans to gain access to the Mediterranean Sea, giving it the naval might to be the great power in eastern Europe. • 1853 - Russia invaded the Balkan & the Ottomans declared war on Russia. • Great Britain & France allied with the Ottomans, fearing Russian ambition. • The war was poorly planned & poorly fought. • Treaty of Paris of 1856 - Russia agreed to have Moldavia and Walachia placed under the protection of all the great powers. (pages 378–379) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-8

21. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (cont.) • The Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe. • Austria & Russia had been the 2 powers maintaining order, but now they were enemies because Austria had not supported Russia in the Crimean War. • Russia withdrew from European affairs for the next 20 years. • Austria had no allies among the great powers, & Germany and Italy now could unify. (pages 378–379) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

22. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (cont.) What contemporary alliances and organizations try to keep stability in the world? Possible answers: The United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Organization of American States (OAS) try to keep stability in the world. (pages 378–379) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer. Section 3-11

23. Italian Unification • In 1850, Austria was still the dominant power on the Italian Peninsula. • By 1848, people looked to the northern Italian state of Piedmont to lead the fight for unification. • The king of Piedmont named Camillo di Cavour his prime minister. • pursued economic expansion to help support a large army. • made an alliance with the France, & provoked the Austrians into declaring war in 1859. • As a result Piedmont won independance (pages 379–380) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-12

24. Italian Unification (cont.) • Cavour’s success caused nationalists northern Italian states to revolt & join Piedmont. • In southern Italy, a new patriotic leader for unification emerged – GiuseppeGaribaldi. • raised an army of 1000 volunteers, called Red Shirts because of the color of their uniforms. • They conquered Sicily & Naples • 1861 - Garibaldi turned his conquests over to Piedmont, and the Kingdom of Italy was formed (pages 379–380) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

25. Italian Unification (cont.) • Italy’s full unification would mean adding Venetia, (held by Austria) and Rome (held by the pope & supported by the French). • The Italian state allied with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. • When Prussia won, it gave Venetia to the Italians. • France withdrew from Rome in 1870. • The Italian army annexed Rome and the city became the Italian capital. (pages 379–380) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-17

26. German Unification • Germans looked to Prussia’s militarismfor leadership in unification. • 1860s - King William I tried to enlarge the already powerful Prussian army. • legislature refused to levy the tax, William I appointed, Otto von Bismarck, prime minister • Bismarck believed in realpolitik, or practical politics with little regard for ethics and an emphasis on power. • ignoring the legislature he raised taxes & said “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power.” (pages 380–381) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-19

27. German Unification (cont.) • 1862-1866 - he governed Prussia w/o legislative approval. • 1864 - with Austria as an ally, he defeated Denmark and gained territory. • 1866- He then created friction with Austria, and the two countries went to war. • The highly disciplined Prussian army defeated the Austrians three weeks after war was declared. • Problems w/ France soon developed • France feared a unified Germany. • 1870 – Bismarck maneuvered Napoleon III of France into declaring war on Prussia (pages 380–381) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-21

28. German Unification (cont.) • Prussian armies advanced into France, capturing the king (Napoleon III) and an entire army. • Paris surrendered, and an official peace treaty was signed in 1871. • France paid 5 billion francs & gave up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state. • The French burned for revenge over the loss of these territories. • January 18, 1871 - in the palace of Versailles, William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser, or emperor, of the Second German Empire (the 1st was the Holy Roman Empire). • It’s military might combined & industrial resources made Germany the strongest power on the European continent. (pages 380–381) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-25

29. Nationalism and Reform in Europe Great Britain • Great Britain avoided the revolutionary upheavals of the first half of the nineteenth century. • 1815 - the aristocratic classes dominated Parliament. • 1832 - Parliament extended the vote to include male members of the industrial middle class, giving them an interest in ruling Britain. • social and political reforms stabilized Britain through the 1860s. • continued economic growth also added to its stability. (pages 382–384) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-29

30. Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) • The British feeling of national pride was reflected in Queen Victoria. • reigned from 1837 to 1901 (longest in English history) • sense of duty & moral respectability reflected in the era, known as the Victorian Age. France • After 1848, events in France moved towards restoring the monarchy. • In the 1852 plebiscite, (popular vote) 97% voted to restore the empire. • Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III, emperor (pages 382–384) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-30

31. Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) • Napoleon III’s government was authoritarian. • He controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service. • After the Prussians defeated the French, however, the Second Empire fell. Austria • The multinational state of Austria had been able to frustrate the attempts of its ethnic groups for independence. • 1866 - the Prussian victory over Austria forced Austria to make concessions to the strongly nationalistic Hungarians. • result was the Compromise of 1867. • creating a dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary. (pages 382–384) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-33

32. Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) • Each country had its own constitution, legislature, bureaucracy, & capital • sharing a single monarch (Francis Joseph), a common army, foreign policy, and economy. • Hungary had become an independent state. • Other Austrian states were not happy with the compromise. Russia • 1856 - Russia was defeated in the Crimean War. • conservatives knew that Russia was falling behind western Europe & needed to modernize (pages 382–384) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-37

33. Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) • Czar Alexander IImade reforms. • March 3, 1861 - he freed the serfs with an emancipation edict. • Peasants could now own property and marry as they wished. • The government bought land from the landlords and provided it to the peasants. • Landlords kept the best land, leaving the peasants w/ useless land • 1881 – Alexander II assassinated • His son, Alexander III, turned against reform and returned to the old methods of repression (pages 382–384) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-40

34. Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) How could Alexander II have more effectively freed the serfs? He could have found ways to guarantee that the peasants received good and sufficient land. (pages 382–384) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer. Section 3-43

35. Nationalism in the United States • The U.S. Constitution had committed the country to both nationalism and liberalism. • Federalists and Republicans fought bitterly over the division of powers between the federal and state levels in the new government. • Federalists - strong central government, Republicans - wanted strong state governments. • The election of Andrew Jackson opened a new, more democratic era of American politics • The right to vote was extended to all adult white males, regardless of property. (pages 384–385) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-44

36. Nationalism in the United States (cont.) • By the mid-19th cent., the issue of American unity was threatened by slavery. • The South’s economy was based on growing cotton using slave labor, and the South was determined to keep the status quo. • Abolitionism,a movement to end slavery, arose in the North and challenged the South. • In 1858 Abraham Lincoln had said that “this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” • elected president in 1860. (pages 384–385) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-46

37. Nationalism in the United States (cont.) • A month later South Carolina voted to secede(withdraw) from the United States. • Six more southern states did the same, setting up the rival Confederate States of America. • War broke out between North and South. • The American Civil War (1861 to 1865) was bloody. Over 600,000 soldiers died. • The Union wore down the Confederacy. • 1863 - President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves. • April 9, 1865 - the South surrendered & national unity prevailed in the United States. (pages 384–385) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information. Section 3-47

38. Nationalism in the United States (cont.) Does race still divide the United States, even though slavery is long over? (pages 384–385) Section 3-49

39. Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. the act of setting free __ 2. a movement to end slavery __ 3. German for “caesar,” the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire __ 4. reliance on military strength __ 5. a popular vote A. militarism B. kaiser C. plebiscite D. emancipation E. abolitionism D E B A C Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers. Section 3-55