Money and Banking

1. Money and Banking Lecture 16

2. Review of the Previous Lecture • Factors Influencing Bond Supply • Factors Influencing Bond Demand • Equilibrium Conditions

3. Topics under Discussion • Bonds and Risk • Default Risk • Inflation Risk • Interest Rate Risk • Bond Ratings • Bond Ratings and Risk • Tax Effect

4. Bonds and Risk Sources of Bond Risk • Default Risk • Inflation Risk • Interest-Rate Risk

5. Bonds and Risk • Default Risk • There is no guarantee that a bond issuer will make the promised payments • Investors who are risk averse require some compensation for bearing risk; the more risk, the more compensation they demand • The higher the default risk the higher the probability that bondholders will not receive the promised payments and thus, the higher the yield

6. Bonds and Risk • Suppose risk-free rate is 5% • ZEDEX Corp. issues one-year bond at 5% • Price without risk = ($100 + $5)/1.05 = $100 • Suppose there is 10% probability that ZEDEX Corp. goes bankrupt, get nothing • Two possible payoffs: $105 and $0

7. ZEDEX Bonds and Risk • Expected PV of ZEDEX bond payment = $94.5/1.05 = $90 • If the promised payment is $105, YTM will be $105/90 – 1 = 0.1667 or 16.67% • Default risk premium = 16.67% - 5% = 11.67%

8. Bonds and Risk • Inflation Risk • Bonds promise to make fixed-dollar payments, and bondholders are concerned about the purchasing power of those payments • The nominal interest rate will be equal to the real interest rate plus the expected inflation rate plus the compensation for inflation risk • The greater the inflation risk, the larger will be the compensation for it

9. Bonds and Risk • Assuming real interest rate is 3% with the following information • Nominal rate = 3% real rate + 2% expected inflation + compensation for inflation risk

10. Bonds and Risk • Interest-Rate Risk • Interest-rate risk arises from the fact that investors don’t know the holding period yield of a long-term bond. • If you have a short investment horizon and buy a long-term bond you will have to sell it before it matures, and so you must worry about what happens if interest rates change • Because the price of long-term bonds can change dramatically, this can be an important source of risk

11. Bond Ratings • The risk of default (i.e., that a bond issuer will fail to make a bond’s promised payments) is one of the most important risks a bondholder faces, and it varies among issuers. • Credit rating agencies have come into existence to assess the default risk of different issuers

12. Bond Ratings • The bond ratings are an assessment of the creditworthiness of the corporate issuer. • The definitions of creditworthiness used by the rating agencies are based on how likely the issuer firm is to default and the protection creditors have in the event of a default.

13. Bond Ratings • These ratings are concerned only with the possibility of the default. Since they do not address the issue of interest rate risk, the price of a highly rated bond may be quite volatile.

14. Bond Ratings • Long Term Ratings Investment Grades: • AAA: Highest credit quality. ‘AAA’ ratings denote the lowest expectation of credit risk. • AA: Very high credit quality. ‘AA’ ratings denote a very low expectation of credit risk. • A: High credit quality. ‘A’ ratings denote a low expectation of credit risk. • BBB:Good credit quality. ‘BBB’ ratings indicate that there is currently a low expectation of credit risk.

15. Bond Ratings • Long Term Ratings Speculative Grades:BB: Speculative. ‘BB’ ratings indicate that there is a possibility of credit risk developing, B: Highly speculative. ‘B’ ratings indicate that significant credit risk is present, but a limited margin of safety remains. CCC, CC, C: High default risk. Default is a real possibility.

16. Bond Ratings http://chartsbin.com/view/1177

17. Bond Ratings • Short Term Ratings • A1+: highest capacity for timely repayment.A1:. strong capacity for timely repayment.A2: satisfactory capacity for timely repayment, may be susceptible to adverse economic conditions.A3: an adequate capacity for timely repayment. more susceptible to adverse economic conditions.

18. Bond Ratings • Short Term Ratings - Commercial Papers • B: timely repayment is susceptible to adverse changes in business, economic, or financial conditions.C: an inadequate capacity to ensure timely repayment.D: high risk of default or which are currently in default.

19. Bond Ratings and Risk Bond Ratings - • Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s Ratings Groups • Investment Grade • Non-Investment – Speculative Grade • Highly Speculative

20. Bond Ratings and Risk Commercial Paper Ratings • Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s Rating Groups • Investment • Speculative • Default

21. Bond Ratings and Risk

22. Bond Ratings and Risk • The lower a bond’s rating the lower its price and the higher its yield

23. Bond Ratings and Risk

24. Bond Ratings and Risk • Increased Risk reduces Bond Demand. • The resulting shift to the left causes a decline in equilibrium price and an increase in the bond yield. • A bond yield can be thought of as the sum of two parts: • the yield on the Treasury bond (called “benchmark bonds” because they are close to being risk-free) and • a risk spread or default risk premium

25. Bond Ratings and Risk • If the bond ratings properly reflect the probability of default, then lower the rating of the issuer, the higher the default risk premium • So we may conclude that when treasury bond yields change, all other yields will change in the same direction

26. Bond Ratings and Risk Long-Term Bond Interest Rates and Ratings

27. Bond Ratings and Risk Short-Term Interest Rates and Risk

28. Summary • Bonds and Risk • Default Risk • Inflation Risk • Interest Rate Risk • Bond Ratings • Bond Ratings and Risk