Mesopotamia

1. Mesopotamia Cradle of Civilization

2. Mesopotamia Geographic area- In modern day country of Iraq The name means “land between 2 rivers” 2 Rivers- Tigris River and Euphrates River ONLY area that did not have natural barriers = allowed multiple people to take over the area

3. Mesopotamia • The constant water supply from the 2 rivers provided rich farm land ideal for growing crops. • The rivers flooded each spring, the early people in the area built levees to keep the flood waters back and built irrigation systems.

4. Mesopotamia • Area was first settled about 4500-4000 B.C. • These people were originally farmers, herders, and fishermen. • They made tools, bricks, clay figures, and pottery.

5. Sumer • The people who lived there were called Sumerians • The first known civilization around 3500 B.C. • The Sumerian people made wagon wheels, used copper and bronze, made sail boats, used plows, wrote laws, and studied astronomy.

6. Sumer • Important city states developed • Built strong walled cities for protection from outside invaders • Important Sumerian city- Ur (capital of Sumer) had a population of around 200,000 Most cities were unattractive- no public services available to remove garbage and sewage. This was left to pile up on the streets.

7. Sumerian Cities • Streets were narrow, unpaved, winding • Houses were one story mud brick structures with flat roofs. • Members of the upper class had 2 story houses with many rooms that included sleeping quarters and servants quarters and burial plots below the house • Household utensils made out of stone, copper and bronze • Merchants supplied the townspeople with material items

8. Religion • Sumerians constructed shrines or temples called Ziggurats. • Ziggurats were to serve as a pedestal for the gods to descend to Earth. • On top was a shrine room where people would pray or hope to entertain a divine visitor.

9. Religion • Public was not invited to engage in temple rituals, but they needed to constantly pray or the gods would not bless their lands. • Around the ziggurat were courts where artisans worked, children went to school, and people traded and stored goods there. • Sumerians believed that all of nature was controlled by gods

10. Education • The Sumerian schools were called “tablet houses” and were used to educate scribes for various religious, governmental, and commercial jobs. • Schools at first were mostly religious and were for rich children • Male only • Classes went from morning until sunset • Curriculum included- grammar, penmanship, science, and math

11. Writing • Writing helped man maintain a complex economic and political society • Sumerian writing dates back as early as 3100 B.C. • Dried Mud tablets with a sharp pointed reed called a stylus was how they wrote the cuneiform. • This writing was adopted by their conquerors and used for about 2000 years.

12. Family Life • Woman had rights in Sumerian society • They could buy and sell property and could run businesses • The husband was the head of the household • He could divorce his wife or rent out his wife and children for up to three years • Children were expected to support their parents when they became old

13. Priests and Kings • Priests were also the kings of the city-states • Gilgamesh was the most famous • Received advice from an assembly of free men • During wars, the assembly chose a military leader to serve until the war was over • Eventually, these leaders stayed in charge and became kings. • Kingship became hereditary

14. Ticket out the Door

15. Section 2 Later Mesopotamian Empires

16. Sargon 1 • Ruled an area called Akkad • Began to conquer city-states one by one and became king of all of them • Created world’s first empire • Ruled for 50 years

17. Hammurabi of Babylon • Hammurabi was king of Babylon who conquered Akkad and Sumer • The Babylonians took on the language and religion of the people they conquered • Hammurabi improved irrigation systems and changed the religion • Developed his own set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi

18. Hammurabi • Appointed judges to carry out the code • Judges were punished if not honest • He believed people were innocent until proven guilty • During Hammurabi’s rule, Babylon became a trade center • Hammurabi’s reign is known as the Golden Age of Babylon

19. Inventions and Contributions • Inventions and customs of the Sumerians and Babylonians were copied and improved upon by other cultures.

20. Inventions and Contributions • Oldest written records in the world • First written laws • Cuneiform was a model for other people’s system of writing

21. Inventions and Contributions • Invented the wheel which aided transportation • Invented the plow which allowed farmers to grow more food • Invented the sailboat which replaced muscle power with wind power

22. wheel

23. Inventions and contributions • Developed a 12 month calendar based on the cycles of the moon • It marked the times for religious festivals and planting

24. Inventions and Contributions • Contributions to math • Developed a number system based on 60 • 60 minute hour • 60 second minute • 360 degree circle • Clock that was controlled by water

25. Other People of the Fertile Crescent • The Big Idea • After the Sumerians, many cultures ruled parts of the Fertile Crescent. • Main Ideas • The Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia and created a code of law. • Invasions of Mesopotamia changed the region’s culture. • The Phoenicians built a trading society in the eastern Mediterranean region.

26. The Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia Hammurabi was Babylon’s king. During his rule, Babylon became the most important city in Mesopotamia. Hammurabi’s Code was a set of 282 laws he created that dealt with almost every part of daily life.

27. Hammurabi • Babylon’s king and the city’s greatest monarch, or ruler of a kingdom or empire • Brilliant war leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into his Babylonian Empire • Oversaw building and irrigation projects and improved the tax system • Developed a set of laws that was written down for all to see

28. Babylonia & Assyrian Empires

29. Hammurabi’s Code • Hammurabi wrote down 282 laws which contained some ideas still found in laws today. • Specific crimes brought specific penalties. • Social class was taken into account. It was a greater crime to injure a rich man than a poor one. • It was unique not only because of how thorough it was, but also because he wrote it down for all to see.

30. Invasions of Mesopotamia changed the region’s culture. • Armies battled for control of fertile land. • Different peoples ruled Mesopotamia. • Hittites • Kassites • Assyrians • Chaldeans • Each group affected the culture of the region.

31. The Hittites & Kassites • The Hittites were the first to master ironworking, so they made the strongest weapons of the time. • They used the chariot, a wheeled, horse-drawn cart, which allowed them to move quickly around the battlefield. • They were taken over by the Kassites after their king was assassinated. • The Kassites ruled for almost 400 years

32. The Assyrians • The Assyrians had a strong army that used chariots and iron weapons. • They spread terror before battles by looting villages and burning crops. • Assyrian kings ruled their empire through local leaders who each governed a small area. • The local leaders demanded heavy taxes.

33. The Chaldeans • The Chaldeans attacked the Assyrians when they were weak and destroyed their empire. • Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city that had the famous Hanging Gardens. • They admired the Sumerian culture, studied their language, and built temples to Sumerian gods. • Babylon became a center for astronomy.

34. The Phoenicians built a trading society in the eastern Mediterranean region. Resources • Prized Cedar trees for timber • Accessed the sea for trade • Built great harbors

35. The Phoenicians built a trading society in the eastern Mediterranean region. Expansion of Trade • Sailed ships around the Mediterranean Sea • Founded several new colonies along the trade routes • Became wealthy

36. The Phoenicians built a trading society in the eastern Mediterranean region. Alphabet • Recorded their activities • Made writing much easier for everyone • Is the basis for the English language

37. The Phoenicians built a trading society in the eastern Mediterranean region.