Thank You!

1. L.I.F.E. Locally IntegratedFood & Energy sustain and retain wealth for common good David Yarrow Thank You! www.dyarrow.org /biochar /CarbonFarming /terracharge /PrepareBiochar /LetFreedomRing /cool-food /CarbonSmartFarming /BlueLightWater UNITED

2. Elements in Biology the chemical composition of life Greenhouse Gases Carbon CARBON NITROGEN MAJOR Trace WATER vapor CO2 C + H2O = carbohydrate carbohydrate ORGANIC 95% H + N = Hydrogen 45% CO2 amino acid O Carbon Dioxide Oxygen 30% CH4 Carbon 15% Methane Nitrogen 5% NOx Nitrous Oxide MAJOR 4% TRACE 1%

3. PARADIGM SHIFT Confronting Climate Change 101 Climate Change Positive Carbon Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere greenhouse gas emission The Keeling Curve CO2 concentration in atmosphere measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii CO2 parts per million Before the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, global average CO2 was about 280 ppm. During the last 800,000 years, CO2 fluctuated between about 180 ppm during ice ages, and 280 ppm during interglacial warm periods. Today’s rate of increase is more than 100 times faster than the increase when the last ice age ended. ~ NOAA Media Release Decade            Total Increase      Annual Rate of Increase 1963 – 72 9.00 ppm 0.90 ppm per year  1973 – 82 13.68 ppm 1.37 ppm per year  1983 – 92 15.24 ppm 1.52 ppm per year  1993 – 2002 16.73 ppm 1.67 ppm per year  2003 – 12 20.74 ppm 2.07 ppm per year  Carbon Carbon 1976 1991

4. PARADIGM SHIFT Confronting Climate Change Carbon Dioxide Carbon in Earth’s atmosphere August 2013 The Red Zone CURRENT 400 ppm 400 still rising Warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Since the 1950s, many observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and greenhouse gas concentrations increased. International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Summary Report January 30, 2014 Carbon emissions from changes in land use and land cover are the second largest source of man-made carbon emissions after fossil fuel combustion. 50 ppm still rising EXCESS 1988 50% of GHG emissions Agriculture & Food Supply 350 ppm TARGET 350 Greenhouse gas data show emissions from agriculture, forestry and fisheries nearly doubled the past 50 years, and can increase another 30% by 2050. Summer 2009 Where Should Humanity Aim? Dr. James Hansen leading US Climate Scientist www.GlobalClimateSolutions.org

5. PARADIGM SHIFT Confronting Climate Change X Dioxide Neutral Carbon Positive in Earth’s atmosphere reduced carbon emissions reverse carbon emissions carbon emissions zero net emissions 400 ppm CURRENT 50 ppm EXCESS still rising 350 ppm TARGET Summer 2009 Where Should Humanity Aim? Dr. James Hansen leading US Climate Scientist www.GlobalClimateSolutions.org

6. PARADIGM SHIFT Confronting Climate Change X Neutral Carbon in Earth’s atmosphere carbon removal & storage carbon sequestration reverse carbon emissions 400 ppm CURRENT 50 ppm EXCESS still rising 350 ppm TARGET Summer 2009 Where Should Humanity Aim? Dr. James Hansen leading US Climate Scientist www.GlobalClimateSolutions.org

7. PARADIGM SHIFT Confronting Climate Change Carbon Negative Carbon Carbon Positive in Earth’s atmosphere greenhouse gas emission greenhouse gas removal • Scientists calculate soil can store more carbon • than atmosphere and all plants combined • 2,500 billion tons in soil • 800 billion tons in atmosphere • 560 billion tons in plant life then there’s the soil microbes… Carbon sequestration

8. Confronting Carbon-Negative Climate Change Climate Change greenhouse gas removal Suck CO2 out of Earth’s atmosphere Carbon Negative into solid, stable molecules greenhouse gas removal radioactive Carbon14 isotope dating photosynthesis fixed into Carbohydrates PARADIGM SHIFT plant biomass Renewable Biofuels pyrolysis transform into positive feedback loop Charcoal Biochar Watersheds & Water Quality sequestered carbon Deep Cavern Art super-stable: 1600+ years southern France inoculate 32,000+ years boost soil fertility Aboriginal Cliff Painting Convert Infertile Land into Productive Farmland Nutrient-Dense Crops & Foods Soil Food Web Australia restore Microbiology grow more biomass 30,000+ years

9. Confronting Carbon-Negative Climate Change greenhouse gas removal sequestration THE FIRST International Conference on Soil Carbon Sequestration as a response to climate change May 2013, Reykjavik, Iceland August 2008 The Potential of Biochar Carbon sequestration in soil has significant potential. Biochar produced in pyrolysis of residues from crops, forestry, and animal wastes can restore soil fertility while storing carbon for centuries to millennia. Biochar helps soil retain nutrients and fertilizers, reducing GHG emissions such as N2O. Replacing slash-and-burn agriculture with slash-and-char, using farm and forestry wastes for biochar production can provide CO2 drawdown of ~8 ppm or more in half a century. CO2 drawdown Dr. James Hansen of ~8 ppm or more in half a century. leading US Climate Scientist www.GlobalClimateSolutions.org

10. Confronting Carbon-Negative Who will feed Independence in 2020? Climate Change Questions? about our future In 6 years? Who will be farmers? New farmers? Young farmers? What land will be reserved as farmland? How to rebuild local & regional food infrastructures? How do we grow food to feed communities? What crops must be grown? What methods of agriculture will be used? How will crops be processed, marketed & stored? Carbon-Smart fertility? How to put fertility in soil? Not just for one year – permanent, long-term, stable? Not just a few elements – all of them, in balance? Not dependent on fossil fuels & synthetic chemistry?