Neurons

1. Neurons Chapter 3

2. Dendrites • Extensions from the neuron cell body that take information TO the cell body.

3. Cell Body • Also called the soma; the part of the cell that contains the nucleus.

4. Nucleus • Part of the neuron that contains chromosomes (genetic material)

5. Axon • The part of the neuron that takes information AWAY from the cell body.

6. Myelin • Fatty substance that surrounds some axons. Speeds up conduction velocity of action potentials.

7. Node of Ranvier • Gaps in the myelination of axons.

8. Synaptic Terminal • The end of the axon containing vesicles with neurotransmitters.

9. INFORMATION PROCESS • DUH, the SAT • D=dendrites • S=soma • A=axon • T=terminals

11. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential.

12. Neurotransmitters (p.58)

14. Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

15. Nervous System • System of nerves involved in thought processes, heartbeat, visual-motor coordination, etc… • Central and Peripheral systems

16. Central Nervous System • Consists of the brain and spinal cord

17. Spinal Cord • A column of nerves within the spine that transmits messages from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to muscles and glands throughout the body.

18. Spinal Cord • Spinal Reflexes: an unlearned response to a stimulus that may involve only two neurons a) Sensory (afferent) neuron-to cortex b) Motor (efferent) neuron-away S A M E You are *affected* by a situation, you *effect* change on someone else. • Blink, swallow,knee-jerk, sexual responses, urinating, etc…

19. Brain Hindbrain(lower part of brain): • Medulla-heart rate, blood pressure, respiration • Pons-respiration, attention, sleep, dreaming • Cerebellum-muscle coordination and balance

20. Brain Reticular Activating System (RAS): • Vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal • Injury to RAS can cause comatose • Filtering (awakened by infant)

21. Brain Forebrain (front most part): 1). Thalamus-center of brain • Relay station for sensory stimulation • Relays sensory input from the eyes to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex • Functions of sleep and attention

22. Brain Forebrain (front most part): 2). Hypothalamus-beneath thalamus and above pituitary gland • Body temperature, motivation, emotion • Involved in hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, caring for offspring, aggression • 4 F’s=feeding, fighting, fleeting, fornicating  (pleasure/reward center)

23. Brain Forebrain (front most part): 3). Limbic system-inner edge of cerebrum and in mammals only • Memory, emotion, drives of hunger, sex, aggression • Amygdala-facilitates aggressive responses,fear AHH=hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

24. Brain Forebrain (front most part): 4). Basil ganglia-between thalamus and cerebrum • Control of movements and coordination • Dopamine produced-degeneration can cause Parkinson’s disease

25. Brain Forebrain (front most part): 5). Cerebrum-crowning glory of brain • Cerebral cortex-the wrinkled and convoluted surface • Consists of two hemispheres • Corpus Callosum-connects the two hemispheres

26. Peripheral Nervous System • Consists of sensory and motor neurons that transmit messages to and from the central nervous system • Without the PNS, our brains would be isolated from the world • Somatic and Autonomic NS

27. Somatic Nervous System • Connects the central nervous system with sensory receptors, skeletal muscles, and the surface of the body • Ex:raising hand, winking, running, posture, balance

28. Autonomic Nervous System • Regulates the glands and the muscles of internal organs • Heartbeat, respiration, digestion, dilation of the pupils of the eyes • Can occur automatically • Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

29. Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic- most active during processes that involve the spending of body energy from stored reserves • “Fight-or-Flight”

30. Autonomic Nervous System • Parasympathetic- most active during processes that replenish reserves of energy (eating) • Calms “parachute)

31. Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic- -accelerates the heart rate -inhibits digestion • Parasympathetic- -decelerates the heart rate -stimulates digestive processes

32. Lobes of the Brain

33. Frontal Lobe • Located in front of the central sulcus • Concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement (motor cortex), emotions, and problem-solving

34. Parietal Lobe • Located behind the central sulcus • Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, pain

35. Temporal Lobe • Located below the lateral fissure • Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory (hippocampus)

36. Occipital Lobe • Located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal lobe and temporal lobe • Concerned with many aspects of vision

37. Structure of the Cortex Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of head).

39. http://bungelab.berkeley.edu/KidsCorner/kidscorner/games.htmlhttp://bungelab.berkeley.edu/KidsCorner/kidscorner/games.html

41. Brain Structures

42. Cerebral Cortex • Thought • Voluntary movement • Language • Reasoning • Perception

43. The Cerebral Cortex The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.

44. Cerebellum • Movement • Balance • Posture

45. Cerebellum The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

46. Brain Stem • Breathing • Heart Rate • Blood Pressure

47. Older Brain Structures The Brainstemisthe oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

48. Brain Stem The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. Reticular Formationisa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

49. Hypothalamus • Body temperature • Emotions • Hunger • Thirst • Circadian rhythms • 4 F’s

50. Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.