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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Medical Math. Importance of Math. Frequently used in health care Requires 100% accuracy Errors can have dire consequences. Math Anxiety. Common problem Impedes performance Can be overcome False beliefs versus reality. Question. True or False:

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Medical Math

  2. Importance of Math • Frequently used in health care • Requires 100% accuracy • Errors can have dire consequences

  3. Math Anxiety • Common problem • Impedes performance • Can be overcome • False beliefs versus reality

  4. Question • True or False: • If a person currently has problems with math, it can be assumed that it will always be a problem.

  5. Answer • False • Math anxiety • Learned behavior • Can be overcome

  6. Basic Calculations • Whole numbers • Add • Subtract • Multiply • Divide

  7. Decimals • Expressed in units of ten • Placement values • Zero used before decimal point if number begins to right of decimal point

  8. Decimal Placement Values

  9. Working with Decimals • Placement of decimal • Add • Subtract • Multiply • Divide

  10. Fractions • Represents part of a whole • Numerator • Denominator

  11. Fraction – Comparison of Parts

  12. Working with Fractions • Add • Subtract • Multiply • Divide • Improper fractions • Reducing fractions

  13. Percentages • Expresses whole or part of a whole • Whole expressed as 100% (percent) • Convert to decimal • Then perform calculation

  14. Ratios • Show relationships between numbers or like values • Compare presence of one value to another • Frequently used to express strength of solution

  15. Converting Decimals, Fractions, and Percentages • Decimal to fraction • Decimal to percentage • Fraction to decimal • Fraction to percentage

  16. Converting Decimals, Fractions, and Percentages • Percentage to decimal • Percentage to fraction • Percentage to ratio • Ratio to percentage

  17. Question • True or False: • ¾, 75%, and 0.75 are all equivalent.

  18. Answer • True • ¾ • Fraction • If converted to percentage = 75% • If converted to decimal = 0.75

  19. Rounding Numbers • What does it mean? • Round up • Round down

  20. Question • What is 2.346 rounded to the nearest tenth? • 2 • 2.3 • 2.35

  21. Answer • B. 2.3 • 2.346 rounded to nearest tenth = 2.3 • 2.346 rounded to nearest whole number = 2 • 2.346 rounded to nearest hundredth = 2.35

  22. Solving with Proportions • Statement of equality between two ratios • Used for converting from one unit to another • Steps for solving problems

  23. Estimating • Anticipate results • Determine if answer is reasonable • Calculate approximate answer • Helps prevent errors

  24. Question • If the order is to give 2 grams of a medication and you have 1,000 milligram tablets, how many tablets would you give? • ½ tablet • 2 tablets • 4 tablets

  25. Answer • B. 2 tablets • 1 gram = 1,000 milligrams • 2 grams = 2,000 milligrams or 2 tablets • ½ tablet = 500 milligrams • 0.5 grams (too little) • 4 tablets = 4,000 milligrams • 4 grams (too much)

  26. Military Time • 24-hour clock • No a.m. or p.m. • Avoids errors • 12th hour = noon • 24th hour = midnight

  27. Question • True or False: • The military time of 1600 is the same as 6 p.m. traditional time.

  28. Answer • False • 1600 = 4 p.m. • 6 p.m. would be 1800 military time

  29. Military Clock

  30. Roman Numerals • Arabic versus Roman numerals • All numbers from seven key numerals • I, V, X, L, C, D, and M

  31. Roman Numerals Rules • If smaller numeral is in front of larger numeral, it is subtracted • If smaller numeral is after larger numeral, it is added • If same numeral is repeated, they are added • Limit to three the number of times numeral is placed next to itself

  32. Question • How would 43 be written in Roman numerals? • XLIII • XXXXIII • XXXI

  33. Answer • A. XLIII • XLIII = 43 • XXXXIII incorrect • Same numeral cannot be placed next to itself more than three times • XXXI = 31

  34. Angles • Comparison to reference plane • Using angles in health care • Measured in units • Degrees

  35. Angles

  36. Systems of Measurement • Three systems • Distance • Length • Capacity • Volume • Mass • Weight

  37. Systems of Measurement • Nomenclature • Method of naming • Need to convert between systems

  38. Household System • Used in U.S. • Nomenclature for distance/length • Nomenclature for capacity/volume • Nomenclature for mass/weight • Common equivalents • How to convert

  39. Question • Which of the following is a capacity/volume unit in the household system? • Inch • Pound • Ounce

  40. Answer • C. Ounce • Also measurement of mass/weight • Inch = measurement of distance/length • Pound = measurement of mass/weight

  41. Metric System • Used in Europe • More accurate • Easier to use • Based on unit of ten • Convert units by moving decimal • Common prefixes

  42. Metric System • Nomenclature for distance/length • Nomenclature for capacity/volume • Nomenclature for mass/weight

  43. Question • How many centimeters are there in one meter? • 10 • 100 • 1000

  44. Answer • B. 100 • Meter • Base unit for distance/length in metric system • Centi = 1/100 • 1 meter = 100 centimeters

  45. Apothecary System • Oldest and least used • Nomenclature for capacity/volume • Nomenclature for mass/weight • Common equivalents • How to convert • Roman numerals and abbreviation for half

  46. Converting Systems • Why converting between systems is needed in health care • Common equivalencies between systems • Equivalencies frequently not exact • Steps to convert

  47. Question • A patient reports drinking 8 ounces (oz) of water. What is this in milliliters (mL)? • 80 mL • 120 mL • 240 mL

  48. Answer • C. 240 mL • 1 oz = 30 mL • 8 oz = 240 mL

  49. Medication Safety • Characters that cause over 50% of error misidentifications: • l/1 • O/0 • Z/2 • 1/7

  50. Temperature Conversion • Fahrenheit (F) used in U.S. • Celsius (C) used in Europe • Boiling point and freezing point comparisons • Converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit readings

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