Title about SSS and food preference (in the form of a question or answer-group did not decide)

1. Title about SSS and food preference (in the form of a question or answer-group did not decide) Tim Beckner, Michelle Bertling, Jai-Sheena Garnett, Allison Thomas, Kim Trimble

2. Causes of Overeating… -diets and prolonged caloric restriction (dieting craving binge eating) -genetic predisposition -too much stress -too little sleep. -too many calories -too much good food (restaurant food and fast food) -too little activity -food used as medicine Overeating is multi-factorial

3. Body Mass Index -Healthy BMI=19-24. -Overweight BMI=25-29. -Obesity BMI=30.

4. Previous Studies Which is more palatable? • Satiety • Sensory-specific satiety - LeMagnan et. Al (xx)- rats -Rolls et. al (xx)- rats and humans • Palatability • Research at Wofford - Stinnett et. al - Ross et. al - Henry et. al

5. Meal Choices

6. Purpose (1)To determine food preference when offered 3 choices simultaneously (2) To determine if meal sequences determine food intake

7. Hypothesis (1) When offered 3 different foods, food deprived rats will choose to eat the most palatable until satiated. (2) Offering a sequence of meals in which palatability increases with each meal will result in the highest consumption of food/caloric intake.

8. Methods: Cafeteria Experiment • 21 Male Sprague-Dawley Rats • 12 hour light/dark cycle • 18 hour food deprivation • Foods presented simultaneously • Froot Loops • Funyuns • Rat Chow • 3 rats per week

9. Experimental Timeline Which food do rats prefer? End Experiment: Remove and weigh all foods Foods removed, weighed, and returned to cages Begin Experiment: Insert 3 foods 8:00 AM 8:10 8:20 8:30 8:40 8:50 9:00 9:10 9:20 9:30 Foods removed, weighed, and returned to cages

10. Results: Cafeteria Experiment Does latency correspond to this preference?

11. Results: Cafeteria Experiment Does the sequence of food presentation affect total food or nutrient intake?

12. Sequence Experiment • 21 male Sprague-Dawley rats • Individually caged • 18 hour food deprivation

13. Sequence Experiment • Rat given one of six treatments • TR1 – RC, OR, FL • TR2 – RC, FL, OR • TR3 – OR, RC, FL • TR4 – OR, FL, RC • TR5 – FL, RC, OR • TR6 – FL, OR, RC • Counterbalanced

14. Remove Meal 2, Present Meal 3, Measure Meal 2 total intake Begin Appetitive Phase 2 Begin Appetitive Phase 1 Measure food intake Measure food intake 9:09 9:30 9:40 10:00 7:59 8:00 8:50 9:10 9:39 10:10 Begin Appetitive Phase 3 Present Meal 1 Measure food intake Remove Meal 1, Present Meal 2, Measure Meal 1 total intake Remove Meal 3, Measure food intake Sequence Experiment Meal 1 Meal 2 Meal 3 18 hr food Deprivation

15. But is there a more nutritious sequence? Results

21. Composition (per gram)

23. Results

24. Results Graph break down of caloric values

25. What did we learn? • If offered 3 foods simultaneously, rats will eat to satiety on the most palatable food, eating very little of the less palatable foods. • Changing the order in which you eat food has no effect on how much you eat. • Meal sequence does have an effect on the nutritional value of what you eat in a meal

26. Suggestions for further research • Use non-food deprived rats, during the time they usually eat

27. Who Cares?! • Overweight and obese people. • NASA

28. Any Questions Conclusion It is better to eat Then