1 / 33

SPATIAL ANALYSIS TOOLS & TERRITORIAL COHESION

SPATIAL ANALYSIS TOOLS & TERRITORIAL COHESION. Espon Conference on European Territorial Research Luxembourg, 13-14 Oct. 2005. Claude GRASLAND University Paris 7. INTRODUCTION. I. DOES SPACE MATTER ?. Does space offer an interesting problem to society ?

mcquiston
Download Presentation

SPATIAL ANALYSIS TOOLS & TERRITORIAL COHESION

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. SPATIAL ANALYSIS TOOLS & TERRITORIAL COHESION Espon Conference on European Territorial Research Luxembourg, 13-14 Oct. 2005 Claude GRASLAND University Paris 7

  2. INTRODUCTION

  3. I. DOES SPACE MATTER ? • Does space offer an interesting problem to society ? • What is the difference between territorial cohesion and economic or social cohesion ? • How to can we formalize the spatial dimension ?

  4. I.1 Is spatial dimension interesting ? For J. Levy, « Space does not necessary offer an interesting problem to societies ». We can indeed theoretically imagine : • Pre-geographic societies where location are fully determined by natural constraint and where therefore distance does not matter • Geographic societies where the cost of relation is variable according to distance and where spatial organisation does matter. • Post-geographic societies where generalised accessibility between place is achieved and where therefore distance does not matter.

  5. I.1 Is spatial dimension interesting ? TEST :Do you consider that the 3 situations presented below are equivalent ? Answer « YES » : Thank you Mr Sapir … Answer « NO » : OK … but why ? And how do you prove it ?

  6. I.2 What is territorial cohesion ? The Hypercube of territorial cohesion (simplified)

  7. I.2 What is territorial cohesion ? Dimension 1 : TERRITORYis a combination of space and society which means that both social and spatial dimension should be combined when analysing territorial cohesion. Dimension 2 : COHESIONcan be defined in a structural way as a level of homogeneity (similarity of social and spatial units) or in a systemic way as level of integration (flows and networks). Dimension 3 : MULTILEVEL ANALYSISis necessary in every case because of scale conflicts (cohesion at one level can be related to dis-integration at another one). Dimension 4 : DYNAMICSreflects the fact that cohesion is more a process than a state. Actual situation are related to past trends (inheritages) but also to future (anticipations).

  8. II. TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS METHODS Territorial analysis methods are based on a hierarchy of territorial division (NUTS0, NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3 …) which are considered a priori as relevant and should not be modified or removed by spatial analysis tools. They introduced typically two kind of distances which are discrete (discontinuous) : • Territorial Belonging • Territorial Contiguity

  9. Territorial belonging

  10. Signification of territorial belonging Theoretical assumption Regions belonging to the same unit of upper level are more likely to interact than regions separated by a border at upper level Political signification Spatial planning depends from various levels of political decision (EU, States, …) which are hierarchically organised.

  11. Territorial neighbourhood

  12. Signification of territorial neighbourhood Theoretical assumption The regions which share a common border developped specific relations that are not only related to distance. Political signification A common border offers opportunity of interaction which can be encouraged (INTERREG) or discouraged (Ceuta & Melilla).

  13. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR TERRITORIAL ANALYSIStarget variable : Unemployement 1999

  14. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR TERRITORIAL ANALYSISGLOBAL DEVIATION : 100 = EU25

  15. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR TERRITORIAL ANALYSISMEDIUM DEVIATION : 100 = National Mean

  16. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR TERRITORIAL ANALYSISLOCAL DEVIATION : 100 = mean of contiguous regions

  17. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR TERRITORIAL ANALYSISMULTISCALAR SYNTESIS : High unemployement (> 120)

  18. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR TERRITORIAL ANALYSISMULTISCALAR SYNTESIS : Low unemployement (< 80)

  19. III. SPATIAL ANALYSIS METHODS Spatial analysis methods are based on a various forms of distance (euclidean, cost, time, …) which are generally quantitative and continuous. The official territorial divisions (NUTS) are not considered a priori as relevant and can be eventually modified or removed. They introduced typically two kind of distances • Euclidean Distance (isotropy, homogenity) • Network accessibility (discontinuity, anisotropy)

  20. Spatial accessibility

  21. Spatial accessibility Theoretical assumption The intensity of interactions between regions decrease regularly according to continuous measures of distance. Political signification Euclidean distance indicate potential interactions between territories which could be developped if (1) borders effects are removed and (2) transportation system is homogeneized

  22. Network accessibility

  23. Network accessibility Theoretical assumption The anisotropy of space implies that relations are polarised by a limited number of nodes. Political signification Development of a polycentric urban and transport system which limit the concentration of population and activity around major nodes.

  24. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR SPATIAL ANALYSIStarget variable : Peaks of population density A given location i is characterised by two levels of neighbourhood V1 and V2 The first neighbourhood define the local situation (V1), The second neighbourhood define the global situation (V2) the neighbourhood V1 is included in neighbourhood V2 .

  25. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR SPATIAL ANALYSIStarget variable : Peaks of population density A neighbourhood can be defined as a circle (place located at a distance lower than R) but it can also be based on various spatial interaction function decreasing with distance, like power or exponential functions. • In the present case, we have used gaussian functions of neighbourhood based on euclidean distance.

  26. V2 V1 . i V2 V1 . i EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR SPATIAL ANALYSIStarget variable : Peaks of population density A peak of population density appears when the density is higher in local neighbourhood V1 than in global neighbourhood V2 In this case, it is possible to define the spatial concentration as the quantity of population P which should move from V1 to V2 in order to obtain an equilibrium of population density in V1 and V2

  27. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR SPATIAL ANALYSISPeaks of population for neighbourhoods of 50-100 km

  28. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR SPATIAL ANALYSISPeaks of population for neighbourhoods of 50-100 km (zoom)

  29. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR SPATIAL ANALYSISPeaks of population for neighbourhoods of 100-200 km

  30. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR SPATIAL ANALYSISPeaks of population for neighbourhoods of 100-200 km (zoom)

  31. EXAMPLE OF MULTISCALAR SPATIAL ANALYSIS Delimitation of polycentric area of population concentration

  32. CONCLUSION

  33. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !

More Related