Clauses

1. Clauses C to the L to the A to the U S to the E to the S you see Clauses, oh oh Clauses, easy…

2. Clause • A group of words that contains a subject and its predicate • Comes from claus, meaning “to close.” • Related to claustrophobia, enclosure, and close

3. Clause • The subject opens the topic. • The predicate closes it.

4. Complete Clause • Subject + Predicate + all modifiers + all phrases = a complete clause

5. How many clauses? I desire that there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but I would have each one be very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his father’s or his mother’s or his neighbor's instead. The youth may build or plant or sail, only let him not be hindered from doing that which he tells me he would like to do.

6. How many clauses? I desirethat there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but I would have each one be very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his father’s or his mother’s or his neighbor's instead. The youth may build or plant or sail, only let him not be hindered from doing that which he tells me he would like to do.

7. How many clauses? I desirethat there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but I would have each one be very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his father’s or his mother’s or his neighbor's instead. The youth may build or plant or sail, only let him not be hindered from doing that which he tells me he would like to do.

8. How many clauses? I desirethat there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but I would haveeach onebe very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his father’s or his mother’s or his neighbor's instead. The youth may build or plant or sail, only let him not be hindered from doing that whichhe tells me he would like to do.

9. How many clauses? I desirethat there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but I would haveeach onebe very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his father’s or his mother’s or his neighbor's instead. The youth may build or plant or sail, only let him not be hindered from doing that which he tells me he would like to do.

10. How many clauses? I desirethat there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but I would haveeach onebe very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his father’s or his mother’s or his neighbor's instead.The youth may build or plant or sail, only let him not be hindered from doing that which he tells me he would like to do.

11. How many clauses? I desirethat there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but I would haveeach onebe very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his father’s or his mother’s or his neighbor's instead.The youth may build or plant or sail,only let him not be hindered from doing that which he tells me he would like to do.

12. How many clauses? I desirethat there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but I would haveeach onebe very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his father’s or his mother’s or his neighbor's instead.The youth may build or plant or sail,only let him not be hindered from doingthat whichhe tells me he would like to do.

13. How many clauses? I desirethat there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but I would haveeach onebe very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his father’s or his mother’s or his neighbor's instead.The youth may build or plant or sail,only let him not be hindered from doingthat whichhe tells me he would like to do.

14. Independent clause (I) • A clause that makes sense independently • Abbreviation = I • Example: Taylor sang and danced.

15. Dependent Clause (D) • A clause that does not make sense unless it can “hang on to” an independent clause standing its ground • DE = down • PEND = hang • DE + PEND = hang down • Example: While Caralyn studied, Taylor sang and danced.

16. Dependent Clause (D) • Also known as a subordinate clause • Often begin with subordinating conjunctions • Join unequals • If, as, since, when, because, etc…

17. From William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar • When Caesar says “Do this,” it is performed.

18. From William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar • When Caesar says “Do this,” it is performed. • Conj. N V V Pron Pron V V

19. From William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar • When Caesar says “Do this,” it is performed. • Conj. N V V Pron Pron V V • ----------------no phrases-----------------------

20. From William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar • When Caesar says “Do this,” it is performed. • Conj. N V V Pron Pron V V • ----------------no phrases------------------------ • ------Dependent Clause-----,------I.C.---------

21. From William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar • When Caesar says “Do this,” it is performed. • Conj. N V V Pron Pron V V • ----------------no phrases------------------------ • ------Dependent Clause-----,------I.C.--------- A complex declarative sentence

22. Adjective clause • AKA relative clause • Dependent • Used as an adjective • Usually short • Follows a noun or pronoun • Modifies what it follows

23. Adjective clause • Interrupts the main clause • divides the IC’s subject from its predicate • Starts with a relative pronoun • Who, whose, whom, which, that • Example: The cat that followed Robbie home became known as Whiskers Maghee.

24. Punctuating Adjective Clauses • NO COMMAS if they are important to the meaning of the sentence • Example: David who plays for the school tennis team won the match. • COMMAS around adjective clauses that are unnecessary interruptions • Example: Nicole, who happens to know Jonathen, took her seat at the front.

25. That versus which • That • indicates an essential adjective clause • Usually used without commas • Which • Indicates a non-essential adjective clause • Often used with commas

26. Adverb clause • Dependent clause • Acts as a big adverb • Usually starts with a subordinating conjunction • Example: Autumn jumped for joy when Ms. Carothers announced her role in the play.

27. Noun Clause • Dependent • Acts as a noun • Example: Matt wished that Mrs. Wiseman would let them study in the courtyard. • The noun clause acts as the direct object.

28. Oh the places they’ll go… • Dependent clauses cannot be used as sentences • They depend on an independent clause. • Before: If you find the white whale, the voyage will be a success. • After: The evil will collapse when the white whale is destroyed. • During: The poet who wrote the cantos was exiled to Italy.

29. Both have: Subject Predicate Sentences have: A complete thought One or more clauses Clauses sometimes have: Incomplete thoughts Clauses versus sentences

30. Making Sentences from Clauses Clause Math?

31. Four Sentence Structures • Sentences are made of combinations of clauses • Four types • Simple Sentence • Compound Sentence • Complex Sentence • Compound-complex Sentence

32. Key to understanding • I = Independent Clause • D = Dependent Clause • cc= Coordinating Conjunction • And • But • Or • Nor • For • So • Yet

33. Simple Sentence • Structure = I • Consists simply of one independent clause • Use to isolate an idea for attention • Example: • Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

34. Compound Sentence • Structure = I+I or I+I+I • Two or more independent clauses joined • Relates similar ideas • Punctuation: • I, cc I. • I; I. • Example: • Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers; a peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.

35. Complex • Structure = I+D or D+I or D+I+D, etc… • Consists of an independent clause joined to one or more dependent clauses • Used to show a primary idea and a supporting lesser idea • Punctuation: • I D. • D, I. • Example: • If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

36. Compound Complex • Structure = I+I+D or D+I+I, etc… • Contains both the compound clause structure (I+I) and the complex clause structure (I+D) • Used to: • Relate similar ideas • Show a primary idea and a supporting lesser idea • Punctuate: • Using the rules of compound and complex sentences • I, cc I or I; I AND • I D or D, I • Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers; a peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked; if Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

37. Clause Punctuation

38. Comma splice error • I, I. • Not smooth, confusing • Fix by: • Replacing comma with a semicolon OR • Adding a coordinating conjunction OR • Replacing comma with a period

39. Run-on sentence error • I cc I. OR I I. • Ideas blur together and lose their clear identities • Fix by: • Turning in to two simple sentences OR • Adding a comma and coordinating conjunction OR • Adding a semicolon

40. Four sentence purposes • Declarative – states • Interrogative – asks a question • Imperative – commands • Exclamatory – exclaims