Nazi Economic Policies and Youth Culture in Germany (1890-1945) - Exam Revision Guide

1. Year 11 November Assessment Revision guide! You will be sitting a whole paper 1 Mock (Understanding the Modern World.) You will need to revise Germany 1890-1945 and Conflict and Tension (Cold War). You need to complete all the tasks in this guide. It is not enough however to really learn the information and revise properly to just complete them. You need to read back through the mind-maps of information and highlight and then reduce to either flash cards or create mind-maps from memory. Remember there is revision on for History every Tue/Wed in H5 from 3.30-4.30!. How to revise: Exam Help:

2. Example Papers: Germany Cold War

3. Workers! The KDF was run by Dr Robert Ley, the leader of the German Labour Front. He worked out that there are 8,760 hours in a year. He said that the average German spent one third of the time sleeping, and a quarter of the time at work. He calculated that there were 3,740 hours of free time. • Key Words: • Kraft durchFreude • Strength through joy • Volkswagen • Hitler’s brilliant economist Dr Hjalmar Schacht, reduced unemployment from 6 million in 1932 to 0.3 million in 1938. • Other economic policies: • Make Germany self-sufficient (e.g. by making oil from coal) this failed. • Encourage new industries such as electrics and medicines. There were some great successes such as jet engines and televisions. • What do I need to know: • How unemployment was reduced. • The positives and negatives of the economic policies • Strength through joy. Strength through Joy and Workers! Dr Ley wanted to make sure all this free time was not wasted. He said people who had nothing to do would become bored and frustrated in their free time. This meant they would become bored and frustrated workers. Dr Ley felt that if people were happy and contented, with lots to do with their free time, they would be much more likely to work hard at their jobs. The Nazis provided the workers with cheap holidays and leisure activities. This was the Nazi’s way of controlling the working classes leisure time. Cheap holidays : These include cruise holidays to destinations like the canary islands on brand new cruise ships built by the Nazis. Cost – only 62 marks (approximately 2 weeks wages). However, only loyal and hardworking Nazis will be given a place on this. There were also holidays in the mountains for just 28 marks a week, or, in winter, skiing holidays in Bavaria. This price included travel, board and lodging ski hire and skiing lessons from an instructor. The scheme organised sports matches and competitions, and mass outings to the theatre and the opera. The scheme also has its own orchestra, which tours the country, visiting and playing music in areas where orchestras don’t usually go. Cheap Cars: In a time where only the richest can afford cars, Hitler believes that everyone should have the chance to own one. The car produced by the scheme is the Volkswagen Beetle (Volkswagen actually means ‘People’s car’). They are built so that everyone can afford one. The price is a mere 990 marks – about 35 weeks wages. Even more, you don’t have to pay the full price up front but can pay it back in weekly instalments of 5 marks a week.

4. Who was Hitler’s economist: • How much unemployment was there in 1932? • What was it reduced to by 1938? • Other economic policies: Fact file on Strength Through Joy Led by: Ley’s beliefs: Purpose: Cheap Holidays: Cruises: Walking and Skiing: Entertainment: Orchestra: Car: Name: Price: Give 3 ways the Nazis reduce unemployment and explain them:

5. Youth • Key Words: • Hitler Youth • Girls League of German Maidens • What do I need to know: • To know about the Youth Groups • To know how education changed. Brief History: 1920s: Nazis formed their own youth group. 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor. He closed down all other political youth groups and merged many into the Nazi one. 1936: Virtually compulsory to join Nazi youth group. The only exception was if you could not pay subscription fee (which you would have to prove). • Girls: League of German Maidens • Physical fitness tests. • Household skills • Childcare • Lessons on ‘real’ German history. • Lessons on history of Nazi party. • Inform on family and friends. • Girls youth group seen as less important than the boys. Education! • Teachers • Either supported Nazis or were sacked. • Made to attempt ‘teacher camps’ which focused on what to teach children (indoctrination) and their own physical fitness tests. • Virtually compulsory to join Nazi Teachers’ Association (97%). 2. Curriculum Different for girls and boys: Girls – domestic science (household skills) and eugenics (how to select a mate to produce perfect Aryan offsprings) 2. Curriculum PE – • Made much more important. • 15% of school timetable. • Some sports like boxing became compulsory for boys. • Pupils had to pass physical examination – unsatisfactory performance could lead to expulsion. 2. Curriculum History • Made more important • Changed so that pupils only studied the history of Germany. • This was biased towards Germany, so pupils learnt about the injustice of the ToV and how Jews had ruined Germany in the past. 2. Curriculum Biology • Focused on Nazi ideas of Aryan race being superior. • Taught how to identify Jews and ‘other’ races. • Taught how they should not mix with other races. BOYS: HITLER YOUTH • Physical fitness tests. • Military training. • Lessons in ‘real’ German history. • Lessons on the Nazi Party. • Inform on friends and family • Motto: ‘Germany must live even if we die’. New Schools • New schools created for the best students. • Nicknamed ‘Adolf Hitler Schools’. • Leadership schools for the future government and army leaders of Germany. • Controlled by the SS. • Military-style education where pupils didn’t belong to a class but a platoon or squad.

6. Brief History: 1920s: 1933: 1936: The Nazis and Youth: TASK: complete the mind-map and boxes on the youth using the info. Then reduce to a revision card.

7. Gertrude Scholtz-Klink Women • Key Words: • Aryan • League of German Maidens • Marriage loans What had life been like for women in Weimar Germany? All women over the age of 20 could vote. Women could choose any profession, and many worked. (1933 – 100,000 teachers, 3,000 doctors). Women could be involved in politics. (1933 – 10% of Reichstag members) • What do I need to know: • What life was like for women in Weimar Germany • What life was like for women in Nazis Germnay. • The Ideal Nazi Women: • Did not go to work. • Aryan. • Cooked frugally and well. • Dressed modestly. • Behaved demurely. • Raised loyal Nazis. What did the Nazis believe about women? • Men and women had different roles in life. • Men – worker or soldier = provider and defender. • Women – homemaker = having children and looking after the family. Background: • Nazis worried about decline in birth rate in Germany (1900 – 2 million live births, 1933 – under 1 million) • Families getting smaller (due to contraception and women working). • Nazis needed larger population in order to become the Master race and a great power. How did the Nazis support Women? • Special loans to new brides who agreed not to take a job. (800,000 women took these) • Encouraged to stop smoking, stop slimming and do sport to improve their fertility. • Young women, especially newly married, were encouraged to attend mothercraft and homecraft classes. • Ideal German woman. • Blonde hair • Blue eyes • Four children • Devoted to her family • Supported Nazi Party without question. • 1934: Head of Women’s Bureau. - Never had any real political power; the Nazis believed politics was not a woman’s job. • Limiting Freedom: • Women were banned from being lawyers in 1936 and the Nazis did their best to stop them following other professions. • The League of German Maidens spread the Nazis idea that it was an honour to produce large families for Germany. Nazis gave awards to women: Gold- 8 children, Silver- 6 children, Bronze-3 children. • Women were expected to dress plaining and were taught at school in Eugenics how to choose ‘Aryan’ husbands.

8. Gertrude Scholtz-Klink Women • Key Words: • Aryan • League of German Maidens • Marriage loans What had life been like for women in Weimar Germany? All women over the age of………………….could vote. Women could choose any ………………..doctors). Women ……………………………………………) • What do I need to know: • What life was like for women in Weimar Germany • What life was like for women in Nazis Germnay. • The Ideal Nazi Women: What did the Nazis believe about women? Background: • Nazis worried about decline in birth rate in Germany (1900 – 2 million live births, 1933 – under 1 million) • Families getting smaller (due to contraception and women working). • Nazis needed larger population in order to become the Master race and a great power. How did the Nazis support Women? • ………………………….to new brides who agreed not to take a job. …………………….women took these) • Encouraged to stop …………………………………………………………….. To improve……………………… • Young women, especially newly married, were encouraged to attend ………………………………………………………………. • Ideal German woman. • 1934: Head of Women’s Bureau. - Never had any real political power; the Nazis believed politics was not a woman’s job. Limiting Freedom:

9. Control by Terror • Key Words: • Gestapo • Heydrich • Police State • Schutztstaffel (ss) • Wardens. • What do I need to know: • Methods of Control • What we mean by a Police State. Hitler was the Fuhrer, the all-powerful supreme leader of Germany, also known as a dictator. He felt that if people didn’t accept Nazis ideas and beliefs willingly, then they would be forced to accept them. All dictators need a large police force to protect them and make sure people did what they were told. Nazi Germany was a POLICE STATE. The Nazis wanted control ovet he machinery of government and people’s lives. For those that didn’t fit in with the Nazi ideals (e.g. Jews) life under the SS wand Gestapo could be terrifying. But Hitler was supported not feared. • Originally just a private bodyguard for Hitler. Built up of 240,000 members. • ALL RECRUITS HAD TO BE BLONDE, BLUE-EYED (Aryan) and fit. • SS stands for Schutzstaffel which means ‘protection squad’. • Originally only 500 members. • Destroyed SA in Night of Long Knives, 1934. • Led by Heinrich Himmler. • Wore black shirts. • Almost unlimited power: arrest people without trial, search houses, confiscate property. • Also ran concentration camps. Changes made by the Nazis to make Germany a Police State: 1934: The Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich. This gave the Nazis total power over local government. There were laws to sack civil servants who didn’t support the Nazis and accept their rules. The Nazis made changes to the justice system. Judges didn’t have to be fair and unbiased. Instead, they were expected to make ruling that were in the line with Nazi Party policy. 1934: People’s Court. This was set up in BERLIN, which held trials for important political crimes. The SICHERSHIETSDIENST: (SD) was a Nazi intelligence service. It was initially run by ReinhardHeydrich- he aimed to bring every German under continual supervision. The SS- led by Himmler. The number of crimes carrying death penalty went up, including telling on anti-Nazi joke, or listening to foreign radio stations. • The country was divided into 42 ‘gaus’ each with a Nazi Gauleiter, loyal to Hitler. • Each town was divided into blocks, each with a block leader. • Local warden’s would visit these blocks to collect donations for the Nazi party and to check support for the Nazis. • Each town divided into ‘blocks’ with a ‘block warden’ who was to inform on people. • He wrote reports on people of ‘political reliability’. • Reported people for things like anti-Hitler jokes, refusing to support the party, hosting illegal party meetings or not flying a Nazi flag on celebration days. The Gestapo • Secret police • Tapped phones, intercepted mail, spied on people. • Network of informers throughout Germany • The most feared of all Hitler’s organisations Local Wardens.

10. TASK: Use the information sheet to complete this mind-map in detail. Then reduce to 5 key bullet points: The Police State: (reduce to 5 key bullet points)

11. Opposition • Key Words: • Dietrich Bonhoffer • Edelweiss Pirates • White Rose Group • Opponents • The Nazi's used 'fear and horror' against anyone who disapproved of their regime: • Hitler banned all Trade Unions on 2 May 1933.   Their offices were closed, their money confiscated, and their leaders put in prison.  • Communists were put into concentration camps or killed. • Many Protestant pastors such as Dietrich Bonhoffer were persecuted and executed. • Each block of flats had a 'staircase ruler' who reported grumblers to the police - they were arrested and either murdered, or sent to concentration camps. • Children were encouraged to report their parents to the Gestapo if they criticized Hitler or the Nazi party. • Why were there not more opponents? •   Most people who disagreed with the Nazi were afraid of the SS and Gestapo and that their friends and neighbours would inform on them. • Thousand of those who did voice opposition were sent to concentration camps. • Opposition within the party was ended by the Night of the Long Knives. • Anti-Nazi opposition had to be secret making it hard for them to work together. • Nazi propaganda made most people feel they were better off. • Who did oppose Hitler and Why? • Before 1939 there were lots of opponents: communists, Jews etc. • After 1933 opposition did continue from political groups, young people, religious groups and individuals. • After the outbreak of WWII, there was opposition from sections of the German elites • What do I need to know: • To know who opposed and why? • To explain why opposition failed. • To understand why many did not oppose. Political Opposition: In March 1933, the Nazi had won only 43% of the vote despite intimidation and violence. There were many political who continued to oppose Hitler’s regime after 1933, even though many lost their lives doing so. Who: The Communists (KPD) and the Social democrats (SPD). Aims: Democracy restored to Germany with free speech and workers rights. Methods: Secret meetings, anti-Nai graffiti, slogans on walls, leaflets, strikes. Set up underground organisations. Although they still refused to co-operate, both groups published anti-Nazi leaflets and organised industrial sabotage and strikes. The Communists Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle) group also passed on military secrets to the Soviet Union until its members were eventually betrayed to the Gestapo. How effectively did the Nazis deal with them? All opposition parties were banned in July 1933. Thousands of leaders and supporters were arrested and put into concentration camps. Others were tortured, beaten up or killed to scare people into supporting the Nazi Party. Those who didn’t were forced abroad or went into hiding to wait until democracy returned to Germany. Opposition from the Youth: Edelweiss Pirates: Who: Young working class-people. It was not a united organisation, just local groups. Aims: To have fun and avoid Hitler Youth events. Methods: Sang anti-Hitler songs, drank alcohol, had sex, wore badges with the edelweiss flower or skull and crossbones. Some of the groups attacked Nazi officials. During the war, some sheltered communists and army deserters. How effectively did the Nazis deal with them? In 1944, one group killed Nazi Youth Leader in Cologne, and some Pirates were hanged. The Nazis could not control this opposition. The White Rose Group: Who: A small group of students at Munich University, led by Sophie and Hans Scholl. Aims: To shame the Germans into protesting about the Nazis, and to urge them to overthrow Hitler. Sophie wrote ‘Germany’s name will be disgraced forever unless the German youth finally rises up.’ Methods: Spread anti-Nazis messages by handing out leaflets and writing graffiti. How effectively did the Nazis deal with them? Sophie and Hans were arrested, tortured and executed and the group disbanded.

12. Opposition: Why were there not more opponents? Who did oppose Hitler and why? Task: Complete the grid and info boxes. Who were the opponents:

13. Ideology • Wartime conferences • Iron Curtain speech • Communist takeover of Eastern Europe Who was to blame for the Cold War? COMMUNIST TAKEOVER OF EASTERN-EUROPE • Impact of the atomic bomb • When the USA first developed nuclear technology in 1945 they kept it secret from their allies (inc. USSR). It meant the USA had the upper hand and is referred to as “atomic diplomacy”. This only fuelled the USSR’s view that America was untrustworthy. • Dropping “nukes” on Japan in August 1945 ended WW2, but also sent a message that the USA intended to dominate a post-war world. • A country with nuclear technology was infinitely more powerful than any army. • The dropping of the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki can be seen as possibly the start of the Cold War, and the very beginning of the nuclear arms race. Summary: Who was to blame for the Cold War? At the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences the wartime allies tried to reach agreements about the peace settlement, including the division of Germany into four zones. Some disagreements remained, fuelled by mutual suspicions. Soviet fears of the USA escalated after the USA dropped atomic bombs on Japan. The USSR took over eastern European countries 1945-48. The Truman Doctrine (1947) and Marshall Plan (1947) made the USA’s intentions clear. The USSR set up Cominform and Comecon to control Communist eastern Europe. The Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-949) showed how serious and dangerous the Cold War had become. By the end of 1946 the USSR controlled the majority of countries in eastern Europe through the installation of a Communist government which they achieved through the following methods: • Banning other political parties (Romania) • Removed opponents (Yugoslavia) • Won democratic elections (Hungary) • Use of the Red Army (Poland) • Agreements at Yalta (East Germany)

14. Ideology • Wartime conferences • Iron Curtain speech • Communist takeover of Eastern Europe Who was to blame for the Cold War? COMMUNIST TAKEOVER OF EASTERN-EUROPE • Impact of the atomic bomb • When the USA first developed nuclear technology in 1945 they kept it secret from their allies (inc. USSR). It meant the USA had the upper hand and is referred to as “atomic diplomacy”. This only fuelled the USSR’s view that America was untrustworthy. • Dropping “nukes” on Japan in August 1945 ended WW2, but also sent a message that the USA intended to dominate a post-war world. • A country with nuclear technology was infinitely more powerful than any army. • The dropping of the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki can be seen as possibly the start of the Cold War, and the very beginning of the nuclear arms race. Summary: Who was to blame for the Cold War? By the end of 1946 the USSR controlled the majority of countries in eastern Europe through the installation of a Communist government which they achieved through the following methods: • Banning other political parties (_______________) • Removed opponents (____________) • Won democratic elections (____________) • Use of the Red Army (____________) • Agreements at Yalta (____________)

15. Disloyal leaders were replaced with loyal ones Favoured the USSR more than any other member Members traded with one another rather than the West Created in October 1947 Marshall Tito, leader pf Yugoslavia, was expelled from Cominform in 1948 The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Communist Information Bureau COMECON COMINFORM Set up in 1949 to co-ordinate the industries and trade of eastern European countries Set up a bank for Socialist countries in 1964 Co-ordinated work of Communist parties across Europe Allowed Stalin to monitor all other Communist leaders The Iron Curtain and the evolution of East-West rivalry The ‘Iron-Curtain’ Speech Churchill described the border between the Soviet-controlled countries and the West as an ‘Iron Curtain’ this created more tension between the East and West NOT physical divide, but an ideological divide. Stalin saw this speech as a deliberate and unfair attempt to paint the USSR as aggressive and untrustworthy. He said this proved Churchill was working with USA to make the Soviets look untrustworthy.

16. Disloyal leaders Created in October 1947 Marshall Tito, COMECON COMINFORM Co-ordinated Allowed Stalin to The Iron Curtain and the evolution of East-West rivalry The ‘Iron-Curtain’ Speech Churchill described the border between the Soviet-controlled countries and the West as an ‘Iron Curtain’ this created more tension between the East and West NOT Stalin saw this speech as He said this

17. Stalin saw Marshall Aid as “Dollar Imperialism” and told the countries within his Sphere of Influence (and within Comecon and Cominform) that they should NOT accept American Aid • What was the deal with Yugoslavia? • Unlike most of Eastern Europe Yugoslavia had not been liberated from the Nazis by the Soviets. Instead there had been an uprising from within Yugoslavia! • Yugoslavia, and its leader Marshall Tito, therefore had no loyalty to Stalin, and wanted their own version of Communism. • Up to 1948 the two countries had been fairly amicable. • Tito, however had gone against Stalin’s wishes on a number of occasions and showed Yugoslavian desire for independence. • The final straw was when Tito defied Stalin’s direct orders and sought American Marshall Aid. • Yugoslavia was expelled from COMINFORM. • Yugoslavia was the only European communist country outside of Stalin’s IRON CURTAIN Working together: Initially the allies had worked together, and made important decisions as the Allied Control Council (ACC) This became increasingly difficult as Stalin tried to get an even tighter grip on Eastern Europe, and the west desired to make Germany stronger and healthier. At the end of WW2 Germany was divided into 4 sections, and it’s capital, Berlin was similarly divided. This was because Berlin was deep within the Soviet sector, and the allies did not want the Soviets to have such an important city. By April 1949 the French, British and American zones, of both Germany and Berlin had been merged to become “Trizonia”. The division of Germany and the Berlin Blockade The Iron Curtain and the evolution of East-West rivalry The impact of West Berlin: West Berlin remained an island of Western influence in the Soviet zone. This was a particular problem when the Western powers united their zones, and made clear that they intended to build up West Berlin’s economy. This was in direct contrast to Stalin’s desire to weaken Germany. Things became much worse when the allies introduced a new currency.

18. Stalin saw Marshall Aid as ______________________and told the countries within his Sphere of Influence (and within Comecon and Cominform) that they should NOT accept American Aid • What was the deal with Yugoslavia? • Unlike most of Eastern Europe Yugoslavia had not been liberated from the Nazis by the Soviets. Instead there had been an uprising from within Yugoslavia! • Yugoslavia, and its leader Marshall Tito, therefore had no loyalty to Stalin, and wanted their own version of Communism. • Up to 1948 the two countries had been fairly amicable. • Tito, however had gone against Stalin’s wishes on a number of occasions and showed Yugoslavian desire for independence. • The final straw was when Tito defied Stalin’s direct orders and sought _____________________. • Yugoslavia was __________________________________________________________ • Yugoslavia was ____________________________________________________________ • Working together: At the end of WW2 Germany was divided into 4 sections, and it’s capital, Berlin was similarly divided. This was because Berlin was deep within the Soviet sector, and the allies did not want the Soviets to have such an important city. By April 1949 _________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ The division of Germany and the Berlin Blockade The Iron Curtain and the evolution of East-West rivalry The impact of West Berlin: West Berlin remained an island of Western influence in the Soviet zone. This was a particular problem when the Western powers united their zones, and made clear that they intended to build up West Berlin’s economy. This was in direct contrast to Stalin’s desire to weaken Germany. Things became much worse when the allies introduced a new currency.

19. USA became worried that the most populated country was now Communist Events showed that containment in Asia had failed Supported by China and USSR Communists took complete control of China in October 1949 Supported by the USA North = Communist Vietcong The Communists were led by Mao Zedong South = Capitalist Vietnam China 1949 February 1950, USSR and China agreed the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance War broke out in 1960s between North and South Spread of Communism in Asia Significance The USSR resumed its seat on the Security Council Korean War 1950-53 South = anti Communist North = Communist Events The UN proved it would act on world issues North Korea invaded South South Korea appealed to the United Nations How did the Cold War develop between 1949-60? In protest USSR boycotted UN meetings Failed to unite Korea The UN supported south Korea UN troops were sent to defend south Korea Most of the troops were American

20. USA became worried that the most populated country was now Communist Events showed that containment in Asia had failed Supported by China and USSR Communists took complete control of China in October 1949 Supported by the USA North = Communist Vietcong The Communists were led by Mao Zedong South = Capitalist Vietnam China 1949 February 1950, USSR and China agreed the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance War broke out in 1960s between North and South Spread of Communism in Asia Significance The USSR resumed its seat on the Security Council Korean War 1950-53 South = anti Communist North = Communist Events The UN proved it would act on world issues North Korea invaded South South Korea appealed to the United Nations How did the Cold War develop between 1949-60? In protest USSR boycotted UN meetings Failed to unite Korea The UN supported south Korea UN troops were sent to defend south Korea Most of the troops were American

21. Summary: How did the Cold War develop between 1949-60? China became Communist in 1949 and allied with the USSR – a huge threat to the USA. The Korean War was fought by the USA and her allies to prevent the spread of Communism. The war showed how dangerous the international situation was. The West set up NATO (1949) and Khrushchev responded in 1955 with the Warsaw Pact – the two organisations that were ranged against each other. The arms race, together with the beginnings of the Space Race, further heightened tensions in the Cold War. Khrushchev, succeeding Stalin, promised a thaw and made some concessions However, in 1956 he ordered troops into Hungary to stop the reforms taking place that would have weakened Communist control. The U-2 spy plane and its pilot Gary Powers were shot down over Soviet territory. The USA was forced to admit spying activities on the USSR, and this wrecked the Paris Peace Summit of 1960. The effects of this further encouraged the proliferation of weapons of destruction. Military Alliances: NATO vs the Warsaw Pact The Arms Race • 1945: America develop and drop the worlds first atomic bomb • 1949: The USSR create their own atomic bomb which begins the Arms Race. • America allocated 40% of its defence spending to its air force to create nuclear bombers. • Fear in America of the ‘bomber gap’ after the USSR developed the Bison jet bomber and the long range TU-95 bomber. • Large businesses in America supported the Arms Race as they benefited from the government contracts for the military. How did the Cold War develop between 1949-60? Nikita Khrushchev and the ‘thaw’ in relations: After the death of Stalin in 1953 many minds turned to the question of who would succeed him as leader of the USSR. By 1955 Khrushchev had taken on this role. Ended USSR’s long feuds with China and Yugoslavia Reduce expenditure on arms Attended first post-war summit between USSR and the Allies in 1955 Talked of ‘peaceful co-existence’ with the West Agreed to pull Soviet troops out of Austria

22. Summary: How did the Cold War develop between 1949-60? Military Alliances: NATO vs the Warsaw Pact The Arms Race • 1945: America develop and drop the worlds first atomic bomb • 1949: The USSR create their own atomic bomb which begins the Arms Race. • America allocated 40% of its defence spending to its air force to create nuclear bombers. • Fear in America of the ‘bomber gap’ after the USSR developed the Bison jet bomber and the long range TU-95 bomber. • Large businesses in America supported the Arms Race as they benefited from the government contracts for the military. How did the Cold War develop between 1949-60? Nikita Khrushchev and the ‘thaw’ in relations: After the death of Stalin in 1953 many minds turned to the question of who would succeed him as leader of the USSR. By 1955 Khrushchev had taken on this role.

23. Timeline of the key events of the Space Race 1945-75 November: Sputnik II as launched into space carrying a dog At the end of WW2 the USSR and USA used Germany’s technology to create missiles which could go into space July: Apollo 11 landed on the surface of the moon 12th April: Major Yuri Gagarin of the Red Army became the first human in space October: Soviets launch Sputnik into space 1969 1945 1957 1961 1975 1955 1958 January: Americans launched Explorer I satellite Eisenhower announced a programme to develop a man-made satellite In response to the USSR sending the first man into space, President Kennedy launched the Apollo manned space programme which ran during these years. July: NASA was created Why was the Space Race and the Arms Race so important? Space Race • Was a powerful propaganda tool which caught the imagination of people all over the world. • USSR and USA were mainly interested in space technology in order to build missiles. Arms Race • Using Space technology the USSR created the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) in May 1957. • 1959 USA create their own ICBMs. Now both countries could attack each other from their own nation. • Early 1960s the USA began to pull ahead in the nuclear arms race, however the people in America did not know that. • The American public became worried that the USSR had more nuclear missiles than the USA – however the President knew there was no missile gap due to secretly spying on the USSR.

24. Timeline of the key events of the Space Race 1945-75 November: Sputnik II as launched into space carrying a dog At the end of WW2 the USSR and USA used Germany’s technology to create missiles which could go into space 12th April: July: Apollo 11 landed on the surface of the moon October: Soviets launch Sputnik into space January: Americans launched Explorer I satellite Eisenhower announced a programme to develop a man-made satellite In response to the USSR sending the first man into space, President Kennedy launched _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ July: NASA was created Why was the Space Race and the Arms Race so important? • A world of spies? • Alongside the Arms and Space Race both sides became increasingly involved in gathering intelligence. • The USA used U2 Spy Planes – which could spy on the USSR without being spotted or shot down. • They were valuable for gathering info on Soviet military progress • When one was shot down in 1960, it causes a huge international crisis • The USSR spied too: __________________________ ______________________________________________ Space Race Arms Race

25. How did the Cold War develop between 1949-60? The Hungarian Uprising 1956 The U-2 Crisis and the Paris Peace Summit Hungary was too close to the USSR for the USA to help Forced to disband their army The West were evolved in the Suzi Crisis at the same time The USSR increased their control over Hungary The only serious action against the USSR came in the form of harsh words Impact on Cold War relations Increased number of Soviet troops in Hungary Eastern European countries realised the West were unable to support them Khrushchev was not going to allow eastern European countries to leave the Warsaw Pact

26. How did the Cold War develop between 1949-60? The Hungarian Uprising 1956 The U-2 Crisis and the Paris Peace Summit Hungary was too close to the USSR for the USA to help Forced to disband their army The West were evolved in the Suzi Crisis at the same time Impact on Cold War relations Increased number of Soviet troops in Hungary

27. Keywords How did the Cold War transform 1960-72? Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring 1968 The Berlin Wall: 1961 Causes: Causes: • People in Czechoslovakia did not like the lack of progress in their country and 20 years of Communist control. • 1967: Dubcek became the leader and proposed ‘Socialism with a human face’. • Dubcek wanted less censorship, more freedom of speech and restrictions on the secret police. • With the easing of censorship people started to attack the Communist leadership on television and radio debates. • Summer of 1968: talk of allowing another political party, Social Democratic Party, to rival the Communist Party. • There were large contrasts in living standards between East and West Berlin. • Western powers had invested in West Berlin to undermine Communism. • Many East Berliners travelled to West Berlin and then onto West Germany to escape the harsh Communist government in East Berlin. • Those defecting were highly skilled workers which the Communist government could not afford to lose. • In 1961 Khrushchev thought he could bully the new President, Kennedy, and ordered that he remove all US troops from Berlin. Summary: How did the Cold War transform 1960-72? The Berlin Wall became a symbol of division between East and West in the Cold War. Castro became the ruler of Cuba, which held America financial and military interests. Khrushchev was keen to assist Cuba- in return for placing missiles on the island. The Crisis in October 1962 could have led to world destruction. Eventually both sides backed down in order to avoid further escalation. The Czechs wanted to loosen the hold of Communism on the country. The USSR sent in troops to end the Prague Spring in 1968. IN spite of all the crisis in international relations, tensions began to ease at the end of the 1960s under Nixon and Brezhnev, with both having solid reasons for doing so. The result in 1972 was SALT 1 which was a step towards limiting nuclear weapons. How did the USSR respond? Events: • Brezhnev, the new leader of the USSR, came under pressure from the East German and Polish leader to stop the reforms in Czechoslovakia. • First Brezhnev got Soviet, Polish and East German troops to perform training exercises on the Czech border in order to scare Dubcek. • 20th August 1968 Soviet tanks moved into Czechoslovakia and removed Dubcek with little opposition. • 13th August 1961, East German soldiers erected a barbed-wire fence between East and West Berlin. • This ended free movement from East to West Berlin. • The fence was replaced by a concrete wall. • West Berlin was sealed to foreigners and allied soldiers. The only crossing point was ‘Checkpoint Charlie’ • Border guards had orders to shoot people trying to cross from East to West. Consequences of the Prague Spring: Consequences: • Brezhnev issued the ‘Brezhnev Doctrine’ which defined the essentials of Communism. • A one party system and to remain a member of the Warsaw Pact. • The USSR showed the West that it would not tolerate losing any part of its control over eastern Europe. • Families were divided and many West Berliners were unable to go to work. • 27th October Soviet and US tanks had a tense stand-off at Checkpoint Charlie. • After an 18 hour stand off the tanks retreated 5 meters at a time. • The Communists presented the wall as a protective shell around East Berlin. • The West presented the wall as a prison wall.

28. Keywords How did the Cold War transform 1960-72? Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring 1968 The Berlin Wall: 1961 Causes: Causes: • People in Czechoslovakia did not like _____________ ____________________________________________and 20 years of Communist control. • 1967: Dubcek became the leader and proposed _______________________________________ • Dubcek wanted less censorship, more freedom of speech and restrictions on the secret police. • With the easing of censorship people started to attack the Communist leadership on television and radio debates. • Summer of 1968: _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ • There were large contrasts in living standards between East and West Berlin. • Western powers had invested in West Berlin to undermine Communism. • Many East Berliners travelled to West Berlin and then onto West Germany to escape the harsh Communist government in East Berlin. • Those defecting were highly skilled workers which the Communist government could not afford to lose. • In 1961 Khrushchev thought he could bully the new President, Kennedy, and ordered that he remove all US troops from Berlin. Summary: How did the Cold War transform 1960-72? How did the USSR respond? Events: • Brezhnev, the new leader of the USSR, came under pressure from the East German and Polish leader to stop the reforms in Czechoslovakia. • First Brezhnev got Soviet, Polish and East German troops to perform training exercises on the Czech border in order to scare Dubcek. • 20th August 1968 _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ • 13th August 1961, East German soldiers erected a barbed-wire fence between East and West Berlin. • This ended free movement from East to West Berlin. • The fence was replaced by a concrete wall. • West Berlin was sealed to foreigners and allied soldiers. The only crossing point was ‘Checkpoint Charlie’ • Border guards had orders to shoot people trying to cross from East to West. Consequences of the Prague Spring: Consequences:

29. What was • the Red Scare? • The HUAC – 1950s • House Un-American Activities Committee • Set up 1938 to question people suspected of being involved in communist activities. • Asked if they had ever been to communist meetings, and if so, who else had they seen there. • Most people completely innocent • 1950: Alger Hiss (State Department Official) convicted of passing secrets to USSR • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – guilty of passing secrets to the Soviets • McCarthyism (to 1954) • In the search for communists within America • Senator Joseph McCarthy became key leader • Targeted entertainment industry, Democrat Party and Universities. • Known as a witch hunt. • McCarthy’s methods eventually brought his downfall as he tried to attack the US Army. • FBI Director J.Edgar Hoover • Convinced the Red Scare was real • Accused teachers of being “re-educators The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis: Background: • Nuclear missiles were removed from Cuba. • Kennedy came out of the crisis with an improved reputation in America and western Europe. • Khrushchev was able to claim a personal triumph as Cuba remained Communist in the American sphere of influence. • The events in Cuba helped to thaw tensions between East and West. • A permanent ‘hot line’ phone link between the White House and the Kremlin was set up. • 1963 Nuclear Test Ban treaty was signed. The Bay of Pigs: • Cuba is a large island 160km from the southern USA. • The Americas supported the Cuban leader (Batista) because was just as opposed to Communism as they were. • Batista was a dictator and he was unpopular in Cuba. • January 1959 Fidel Castro removed Batista and became the new Communist leader of Cuba. • Castro won over the majority of Cubans and arrested or exiled many of his political opponents. • January 1961: Kennedy armed 1,400 anti-Castro Cuban exiles. • The exiles invaded Cuba at the Bay of Pigs but were met by 20,000 Cuban troops. • The invasion failed and further enhanced the relationship between Castro and Khrushchev The Crisis: • After the Bay of Pigs, the USSR sent even more weapons to Cuba. • 14th October 1962 an American spy plane flying over Cuba took pictures of Soviet nuclear missile sites being built on Cuba. • The USSR had also sent 20 ships from Russia to Cuba carrying nuclear missiles. • President Kennedy decided to create a naval blockade to block the ships from entering Cuba, • 23rd October: Khrushchev writes to Kennedy explaining that he will not stop for the blockade. • 24th October: the Soviet ships approach the blockade, then either stop or turn around. • 27th October: An American spy plane is shot down and Kennedy is advised to attack Cuba. • 27th October pm: Kennedy decides to delay the attack and send a final ultimatum to Khrushchev. • 28th October: Khrushchev agrees to return the missiles to the USSR as long as the USA remove their ICBMs from Turkey. The crisis has ended peacefully. How did USA respond to Castro’s rule? • Thousands of Cuban exiles fled to the USA and formed pressure groups demanding action against Castro. • Castro took over some American businesses in Cuba. • The CIA provided funds to the Cuban exiles. • American companies working in Cuba refused to co-operate with any Cuban business which used materials from the USSR. • Castro responded by assuring Americans living in Cuba that they were safe. • Summer 1960: Aliened himself with the Soviet Union and began to receive weapons from the USSR.

30. What was • the Red Scare? • The HUAC – 1950s • House Un-American Activities Committee • Set up 1938 to question people suspected of being involved in communist activities. • Asked if they had ever been to communist meetings, and if so, who else had they seen there. • Most people completely innocent • 1950: _________________ (State Department Official) convicted of passing secrets to USSR • ____________________– guilty of passing secrets to the Soviets • McCarthyism (to 1954) • In the search for communists within America • Senator Joseph McCarthy became key leader • Targeted __________________ • __________________________________________________________ • Known as a witch hunt. • McCarthy’s methods eventually brought his downfall as he tried to attack the US Army. • FBI Director J.Edgar Hoover • Convinced the Red Scare was real • Accused teachers of _______ • ______________________ The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis: Background: The Bay of Pigs: • Cuba is a large island 160km from the southern USA. • The Americas supported the Cuban leader (Batista) because was just as opposed to Communism as they were. • Batista was a dictator and he was unpopular in Cuba. • January 1959 ________________ ________________________________________________________. • Castro won over the majority of Cubans and arrested or exiled many of his political opponents. The Crisis: • After the Bay of Pigs, the USSR sent even more weapons to Cuba. • 14th October 1962 an American spy plane flying over Cuba took pictures of Soviet nuclear missile sites being built on Cuba. • The USSR had also sent 20 ships from Russia to Cuba carrying nuclear missiles. • President Kennedy decided to create a naval blockade to block the ships from entering Cuba, • 23rd October: Khrushchev writes to Kennedy explaining that he will not stop for the blockade. • 24th October: the Soviet ships approach the blockade, then either stop or turn around. • 27th October: An American spy plane is shot down and Kennedy is advised to attack Cuba. • 27th October pm: Kennedy decides to delay the attack and send a final ultimatum to Khrushchev. • 28th October: _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ How did USA respond to Castro’s rule?

31. What was Détente? • Period from end of 1960s to second half of 1970s. • Relations between USSR and USA improved and tensions decreased. • Greater cooperation and dialogue. • Threat of war reduced. • Agreements made to reduce nuclear weapons (SALT) • Summits held regularly between Brezhnev and Nixon (leaders of USSR and USA). The cost of the Vietnam War was crippling the American economy The USSR needed to expand its world trade to improve living standards Both sides had stockpiles of weapons that could destroy the Earth many times over Factors which encouraged Detente Both were worried about conflicts in the Middle East that would disrupt oil supplies DÉTENTE AND SALT Both were worried about the growing power of China President Nixon, 1969, was keen to talk with Brezhnev The Helsinki Agreement: recognised Soviet control over Eastern Europe, concluded a trade agreement, and Russia promised to respect human rights. EFFECTIVELY allowed Soviet total control behind the Iron Curtain…Soviets do not uphold their human rights promise. Timeline of DETENTE Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968 Nixon becomes President 1969 Ping-Pong Diplomacy 1971 China joins UN 1971 SALT 1 Treaty 1972 Nixon visits China & Russia 1972 The Helsinki Agreement 1975 US and USSR spacecraft dock in space 1975 Allowed both sides to use spy satellites to check on the other side Strategic Arms Limitations Talks SALT 1, 1972 The agreement was to last for 5 years Limited the number of ICBS on both sides

32. What was Détente? Factors which encouraged Detente DÉTENTE AND SALT _____________________________________: recognised Soviet control over Eastern Europe, concluded a trade agreement, and Russia promised to respect human rights. EFFECTIVELY allowed Soviet total control behind the Iron Curtain…Soviets do not uphold their human rights promise. Timeline of DETENTE Allowed both sides to use spy satellites to check on the other side Strategic Arms Limitations Talks The agreement was to last for 5 years Limited the number of ICBS on both sides