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CIPLA RANBAXY DRL WHAT IS COMMON ?

CIPLA RANBAXY DRL WHAT IS COMMON ?. UNCERTAINTY. CAN IT BE ELIMINATED ? CAN IT BE REDUCED ? RESEARCH REDUCES UNCERTAINTY. RESEARCH. All of us have done research knowingly or unknowingly !!. RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR INFORMATION.

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CIPLA RANBAXY DRL WHAT IS COMMON ?

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  1. CIPLA • RANBAXY • DRL • WHAT IS COMMON ?

  2. UNCERTAINTY • CAN IT BE ELIMINATED ? • CAN IT BE REDUCED ? • RESEARCH REDUCES UNCERTAINTY.

  3. RESEARCH • All of us have done research knowingly or unknowingly !!

  4. RESEARCH IS A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR INFORMATION. • RESEARCH IS A PURPOSEFUL INVESTIGATION.

  5. RESEARCH : • FOUNTAIN OF KNOWLEDGE • TO FIND HIDDEN TRUTH • TO DISCOVER ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

  6. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH • Research leads to invention. • Helps in solving operational problems. • Provides the basis for govt. policies. • Helps in solving social problems. • Helps in taking decisions.

  7. RESEARCH & COMMON SENSE • Systematic • Objective • Reproducible • Relevant Research is not a fishing expedition.

  8. OBJECTIVES : • To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it . • (Exploratory or formulative research studies) • To find out / portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. • (Descriptive research studies)

  9. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. • (Diagnostic research studies) • To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables. • (Hypothesis testing research studies)

  10. TYPES OF RESEARCH : • EXPLORATORY RESEARCH : • The literature survey • The experience survey • The analysis of case studies • CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH : • Descriptive research • Experimental research

  11. CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH : • Applied Vs. Fundamental research • Descriptive Vs. Analytical research • Quantitative Vs. Qualitative research • Conceptual Vs. Empirical research

  12. ROLE OF RESEARCH IN IMPORTANT AREAS

  13. MARKETING : • Consumer buying behavior • Demand forecasting • Measuring advertising effectiveness • Media selection • Product positioning • New product potential

  14. PRODUCTION : • What to produce? • How much to produce? • Plant location • Production process • Quality process • Optimum inventory level

  15. FINANCE : • Amount of working capital • Amount of cash • Investment decisions • Financing decisions

  16. H.R.D. • Incentives • Employees turnover • Performance appraisal • Recruitment & training

  17. RESEARCH METHOD • Methods of data collection • Statistical methods for study of relationship • Methods used to evaluate accuracy of the results obtained

  18. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY • A way/process to systematically solve the research problem • Cover various steps adopted by the researcher • Methodology will be different from problem to problem

  19. CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH • The purpose of the research should be clearly defined. • The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail. • The design of research should be properly planned. • Validity and reliability of data should be checked carefully. Cont..

  20. Method of analysis should be appropriate and analysis of data should be adequate. • Conclusion should be confined to those justified to data. • Researcher should have knowledge, experience and integrity.

  21. PROCESS OF RESEARCH • Problem definition • Research design • Data collection • Data analysis • Interpretation of results

  22. R.L.ACKOFF: Five Component of a Problem • Research - Consumer • Research - Consumer’s objectives • Alternative means to meet the objectives • Doubt in regard to select of objectives • One or more environment to which the problem pertains

  23. MERTON: Three components in the promulgation of a problem • The originating question: What • Rationale of question: Why • The specifying question: Possible answer

  24. DEFINING A PROBLEM: Steps • Statement of the problem in a general way • Understanding the nature of the problem • Surveying the available literature • Developing the ideas through discussion • Rephrasing the research problem into working proposition

  25. A COMPLETE PROBLEM DEFINITION Specify the following: • Unit of analysis: Source of information “on what”, “on whom”. • Time and space co-ordinates. • Characteristics of interest: 2 x 2 matrix by Frank, Massy & Wind. • Environmental condition: Beyond control Within control

  26. CHARACTERISTICS OF INTEREST Characteristics General Situation specific Measures Objective Inferred

  27. RESEARCH PROBLEM AS HYPOTHESIS TESTING It is often convenient to structure a research problem in term hypothesis to be tested. Hypothesis is simply a statement about the Universe : It may or may not be true. The research is designed to find out the truth. Hypothesis guides the researcher to select the relevant information

  28. SOURCES OF HYPOTHESIS • Personal experience and observations. • Hypothesis may rest on the finding of other studies. • Hypothesis may stem from a body of theory.

  29. CHARACTERISTICS OF A USEABLE HYPOTHESIS • It should be empirically tested. • It should be closest to thing observable. • It must be conceptually clear. • It must be specific.

  30. RESEARCH DESIGN • A blue print for the research study . • Covers various phases of research. • A comprehensive master plan • Guiding framework for the research study.

  31. RESEARCH DESIGN DECISIONS ARE: • What is the study about ? • Why is the study being made? • Where will the study be carried out? • What type of data required ? • Where the required data is found? • What periods of time will the study include? Cont..

  32. What will be the sample design? • What techniques of data collection will be used? • How will be the data analyzed? • In what style will the report are prepared?

  33. FOUR PHASES OF RESEARCH DESIGN • Sampling design: Methods of selecting items • Observational design: Conditions on which the observations are to be made. • Statistical design: How the data to be analyzed? • Operational design: procedures to be carried out.

  34. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS • Dependent & Independent variable. • Extraneous Variable : independent variable not related to the purpose of the study. • Control : effect of extraneous variable is minimum . • Research hypothesis.

  35. CAUSALITY • Action – outcome • Causal Variable - Effect Variable • There is strong evidence to say that there exists a strong association. • The action must precede outcome. • There is strong evidence to say that there were no other possible factors, which could have resulted in the observed outcome.

  36. RESEARCH DESIGN FOR EXPLORATORY RESEARCH STUDIES • The survey of literature • The experience survey • The analysis of selected cases. • Design is flexible. • No structured questions • Convenience sampling.

  37. RESEARCH DESIGN FOR DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH STUDIES • Panel Research Design : Periodic information collection from a sample of respondents. • Cross Sectional Design : Picture of a situation at a give point of time. • Focus Groups for free flowing discussions.

  38. RESEARCH DESIGN FOR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH STUDIES • After-only with one Control Group Experimental Group: RX O1 Control Group : R O2 • Before- After with one Control Group Experimental Group: R O1 O2 Control Group: R O3 O4 Treatment Effect = A - B=(O2–O1)-(O4 – O3 )

  39. THE SOLOMON FOUR GROUPS DESIGN • Experimental Group1: R Q1 Q2 • Control Group1: R Q3 Q4 • Experimental Group2: R Q5 • Control Group2: R Q6 Treatment effect = Q5-Q6 Sensitizing Effect = (Q2-Q1) - (Q5- Q1+Q3) 2

  40. STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE • Questions & answers are specified. • Comments in the respondent’s own words are held to a minimum. • Usually has fixed alternative answers to each question. • Simple to administer & to analyse. • Considered inappropriate for study on attitude & feelings.

  41. UNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONAIRE • Useful for in-depth interviewer • More open-ended questions • Employed in pre-testing and for constructing structured questionnaire.

  42. DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE • Covering letter: for mailing - should be short and simple • The question sequence: • Tobe arranged logically • Personal questions: Ask towards the end • Difficult questions: Strain on memory and intellect: ask towards the end.

  43. QUESTIONNAIRE • The question wording: an art • Should be simple and easy to understood • Ambiguous questions should be avoided • Type of questions: • multiple choice / Y/N / open -ended

  44. MODEL BUILDING AND DECISION MAKING

  45. MODEL • The body of information about a system gathered for the purpose of studying the system • A set of variables and their interrelationship

  46. OBJECTIVES OF MODELLING • Description of the system functioning • Prediction of the future • Helping the decision maker decide what to do

  47. PRESENTATION OF MODELS • Verbal or prose models • Graphical model • Mathematical model • Logical flow model

  48. TYPES OF MODEL • Physical Vs. Mathematical • Macro Vs. Micro • Deterministic Vs. Stochastic

  49. MODEL BUILDING • Identifying and formulating the decision problem • Identifying the objective(s) of the decision maker(s) • Identifying the elements of the system • Determining the relevance of different aspects of the system • Model calibration • Implementation

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