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A&P II

A&P II. Lab Practical Study Guide. Hypothalamic neurons in the paraventricular nuclei. Figure 27.1 Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus. Hypothalamic neurons in the supraoptic nuclei. Optic chiasma. Superior hypophyseal artery. Infundibulum

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A&P II

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  1. A&P II Lab Practical Study Guide

  2. Hypothalamic neurons in the paraventricular nuclei Figure 27.1 Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Neurons in the ventral hypothalamus Hypothalamic neurons in the supraoptic nuclei Optic chiasma Superior hypophyseal artery Infundibulum (connecting stalk) Hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract Hypophyseal portal system • Primary capillary • plexus Inferior hypophyseal artery • Hypophyseal • portal veins Neurohypophysis (storage area for hypothalamic hormones) • Secondary capillary • plexus Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Secretory cells of adenohypophysis Oxytocin ADH TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL Venule Venule

  3. Figure 27.2 Human endocrine organs. Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands (on dorsal aspect of thyroid gland) Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovary (female) Testis (male)

  4. Figure 27.3a-c Microscopic anatomy of selected endocrine organs. Colloid-filled follicles Follicular cells Pancreatic islet •  cells • (Glucagon- • producing) Thyroid gland (360) •  cells • (Insulin- • producing) Pancreatic acinar cells (exocrine) Pancreatic islet (205) Oxyphil cells Parathyroid cells Parathyroid gland (375)

  5. Figure 27.3d-f Microscopic anatomy of selected endocrine organs. Acidophils Capsule Chromophobe Zona glomerulosa Basophil Zona fasciculata Anterior pituitary (380) Zona reticularis Pituicytes Adrenal medulla Nerve fibers Adrenal gland (60) Posterior pituitary (345)

  6. Figure 29-1 The composition of blood. Plasma 55% Formed elements 45% Constituent Major Functions Number (per mm3 of blood) Solvent for carrying other substances; absorbs heat Functions Cell type Water Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Salts (electrolytes) 4 – 6 million Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide Sodium Osmotic balance, pH buffering Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Leukocytes (white blood cells) Defense and immunity Bicarbonate 4800 – 10,800 Plasma proteins Albumin Osmotic balance Lymphocyte Fibrinogen Clotting of blood Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport Globulins Basophil Eosinophil Substances transported by blood Monocyte Neutrophil Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism (urea, uric acid) Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Platelets 150,000 – 400,000 Blood clotting Hormones

  7. Figure 29-3 Photomicrograph of a human blood smear stained with Wright’s stain (765). Monocyte Lymphocyte Eosinophil Neutrophils Erythrocytes Platelets

  8. Figure 29-4 Leukocytes. Neutrophil; multilobed nucleus Eosinophil; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules Small lymphocyte; large spherical nucleus Monocyte; kidney- shaped nucleus Basophil; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytomasmic granules

  9. Figure 29-9 Blood typing of ABO blood types. Blood being tested Serum Anti-A Anti-B Type AB (contains antigens A and B) RBCs Type B (contains antigen B) Type A (contains antigen A) Type O (contains no antigen)

  10. Table 29-1 Summary of Formed Elements of the Blood (1 of 3)

  11. Figure 30.1 Location of the heart in the thorax. Midsternal line Sternum 2nd rib Diaphragm PMI: Apical pulse sounds heard

  12. Figure 30.2a Gross anatomy of the human heart. Left common carotid artery Brachiocephalic trunk Left subclavian artery Superior vena cava Aortic arch Ligamentum arteriosum Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Ascending aorta Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Auricle of left atrium Right pulmonary veins Circumflex artery Right atrium Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Left coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Anterior cardiac vein Left ventricle Right ventricle Great cardiac vein Right marginal artery Anterior interventricular artery (in anterior interventricular sulcus) Small cardiac vein Inferior vena cava Apex

  13. Figure 30.2c Gross anatomy of the human heart. Aorta Superior vena cava Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins Left pulmonary veins Right atrium Auricle of left atrium Left atrium Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Great cardiac vein Right coronary artery (in coronary sulcus) Posterior vein of left ventricle Posterior interventricular artery (in posterior interventricular sulcus) Left ventricle Middle cardiac vein Right ventricle Apex

  14. Figure 30.2b Gross anatomy of the human heart. Aorta Left pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Left atrium Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Mitral (bicuspid) valve Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis Aortic valve Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Left ventricle Right ventricle Papillary muscle Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum Trabeculae carneae Epicardium Inferior vena cava Myocardium Endocardium

  15. Figure 30.2b Gross anatomy of the human heart. Aorta Left pulmonary artery Superior vena cava Left atrium Right pulmonary artery Left pulmonary veins Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Mitral (bicuspid) valve Right pulmonary veins Fossa ovalis Aortic valve Pectinate muscles Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Left ventricle Right ventricle Papillary muscle Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum Trabeculae carneae Epicardium Inferior vena cava Myocardium Endocardium

  16. Figure 30.4 The systemic and pulmonary circuits. Capillary beds of lungs where gas exchange occurs Pulmonary Circuit Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Aorta and branches Venae cavae Left atrium Left ventricle Right atrium Heart Right ventricle Systemic Circuit Capillary beds of all body tissues where gas exchange occurs Oxygen-rich, CO2-poor blood Oxygen-poor, CO2-rich blood

  17. Figure 30.5 Coronary circulation. Aorta Superior vena cava Pulmonary trunk Anastomosis (junction of vessels) Left atrium Left coronary artery Right atrium Circumflex artery Right coronary artery Left ventricle Right ventricle Anterior interventricular artery Right marginal artery Posterior interventricular artery The major coronary arteries Superior vena cava Great cardiac vein Anterior cardiac veins Coronary sinus Small cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein The major cardiac veins

  18. Figure 30.7 Photomicrograph of cardiac muscle (665×). Intercalated discs Sarcolemma Nucleus Cardiac muscle cells

  19. Superior vena cava 1 The sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) generates impulses. Figure 31.1 The intrinsic conduction system of the heart. Internodal pathway Right atrium Left atrium 2 The impulses pause (0.1 sec) at the atriventricular (AV) node. Subendocardinal conducting network (Purkinje fibers) 3 The atrioventricular (AV) bundle connects the atria to the ventricles. 4 Inter- ventricular septum The bundle branches conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum. 5 The subendocardial conducting network depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles.

  20. Figure 31.2 The normal electrocardiogram. R T P Q S QRS complex Time Scale: R small squares  0.04 sec 1 large square  0.20 sec 5 large squares  1.00 sec T P P-R interval S-T segment Q S Q-T interval

  21. Figure 31.3 The sequence of excitation of the heart related to the deflection waves of an ECG tracing. Ventricular depolarization complete Impulse delayed at AV node Impulse passes to heart apex; ventricular depolarization begins SA node generates impulse; atrial depolarization begins SA node AV node Subendocardial conduction network Bundle branches R R R R T T T T P P P P Q Q Q Q S S S S

  22. Figure 32.1 Generalized structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Vein Artery Tunica intima Artery Vein • Endothelium • Subendothelial layer • Internal elastic membrane Tunica media (smooth muscle and elastic fibers) • External elastic membrane Tunica externa (collagen fibers) • Vasa vasorum Valve Capillary network Lumen Lumen Basement membrane Capillary Endothelial cells

  23. Figure 32.13 Circulation in fetus and newborn. Aortic arch Fetus Newborn Superior vena cava Ductus arteriosus Ligamentum arteriosum Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Heart Lung Foramen ovale Fossa ovalis Liver Ductus venosus Ligamentum venosum Hepatic portal vein Umbilical vein Ligamentum teres Inferior vena cava Umbilicus Abdominal aorta Common iliac artery Umbilical arteries Medial umbilical ligaments Urinary bladder Umbilical cord Placenta High oxygenation Moderate oxygenation Low oxygenation Very low oxygenation

  24. Figure 32.14 Hepatic portal circulation. Hepatic veins Gastric veins Liver Spleen Hepatic portal vein Splenic vein Right gastroepiploic vein Inferior mesenteric vein Superior mesenteric vein Small intestine Large intestine Rectum

  25. Left heart QRS T P P Electrocardiogram 1st 2nd Heart sounds 120 Figure 33.1 Summary of events occurring in the heart during the cardiac cycle. Dicrotic notch 80 Aorta Pressure (mm Hg) Left ventricle 40 Atrial systole Left atrium 0 120 EDV Ventricular volume (ml) SV ESV 50 Atrioventricular valves Open Closed Open Aortic and pulmonary valves Closed Open Closed Phase 3 1 1 2a 2b Left atrium Right atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Ventricular filling Atrial contraction Ventricular ejection phase Isovolumetric relaxation Ventricular filling Isovolumetric contraction phase 2a 2b 3 1 Ventricular filling (mid-to-late diastole) Early diastole Ventricular systole (atria in diastole)

  26. Figure 33.2 Areas of the thorax where heart sounds can best be detected. Aortic valve: sounds are heard in 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin Pulmonary valve: sounds are heard in 2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin 1 2 3 4 5 Mitral valve: sounds are heard over heart apex, in 5th intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle 6 7 Tricuspid valve: sounds are typically heard in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space; variations include over sternum or over left sternal margin in 5th intercostal space

  27. Figure 33.3 Body sites where the pulse is most easily palpated. Superficial temporal artery Facial artery Common carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery Popliteal artery Posterior tibial artery Dorsalis pedis artery

  28. Figure 33.9 Procedure for measuring blood pressure. Blood pressure 120 systolic 70 diastolic (to be measured) Pressure in cuff below 120, but above 70 Pressure in cuff above 120; no sounds audible Pressure in cuff below 70; no sounds audible 120 mm Hg 120 mm Hg Rubber cuff inflated with air 70 mm Hg Sounds audible in stethoscope Brachial artery closed Brachial artery

  29. A&P II Lab Practical 2 Study Guide

  30. Figure 32.3a Arteries of the head, neck, and brain. Basilar artery Ophthalmic artery Vertebral artery Branches of the external carotid artery Internal carotid artery • Superficial • temporal artery External carotid artery • Maxillary artery • Occipital artery Common carotid artery • Facial artery • Lingual artery Thyrocervical trunk • Superior thyroid artery Costocervical trunk Larynx Subclavian artery Thyroid gland (overlying trachea) Clavicle (cut) Axillary artery Brachiocephalic trunk Internal thoracic artery

  31. Figure 32.4 Arteries of the right upper limb and thorax. Vertebral artery Common carotid arteries Thyrocervical trunk Right subclavian artery Costocervical trunk Left subclavian artery Suprascapular artery Thoracoacromial artery Brachiocephalic trunk Axillary artery Posterior intercostal arteries Posterior circumflex humeral artery Anterior intercostal artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Internal thoracic artery Subscapular artery Brachial artery Lateral thoracic artery Deep artery of arm Thoracic aorta Common interosseous artery Radial artery Ulnar artery Deep palmar arch Superficial palmar arch Digital arteries

  32. Figure 32.5a Arteries of the abdomen. Esophagus Liver (cut) Diaphragm Inferior vena cava Left gastric artery Celiac trunk Common hepatic artery Stomach Hepatic artery proper Splenic artery Gastroduodenal artery Left gastroepiploic artery Right gastric artery Gallbladder Spleen Pancreas (major portion lies posterior to stomach) Right gastroepiploic artery Duodenum Abdominal aorta Superior mesenteric artery

  33. Figure 32.5b Arteries of the abdomen. Hiatus (opening) for inferior vena cava Diaphragm Hiatus (opening) for esophagus Inferior phrenic artery Adrenal (suprarenal) gland Middle suprarenal artery Celiac trunk Renal artery Kidney Superior mesenteric artery Abdominal aorta Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) artery Lumbar arteries Inferior mesenteric artery Ureter Median sacral artery Common iliac artery

  34. Figure 32.5c Arteries of the abdomen. Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Transverse colon Abdominal aorta Branches of the superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery • Middle colic artery • Intestinal arteries Branches of the inferior mesenteric artery • Right colic artery • Ileocolic artery • Left colic artery • Sigmoidal arteries Ascending colon • Superior rectal artery Right common iliac artery Descending colon Ileum Cecum Sigmoid colon Appendix Rectum

  35. Figure 32.6 Arteries of the right pelvis and lower limb. Common iliac artery Internal iliac artery Superior gluteal artery External iliac artery Deep artery of thigh Obturator artery Medial circumflex femoral artery Lateral circumflex femoral artery Femoral artery Adductor hiatus Popliteal artery Popliteal artery Anterior tibial artery Anterior tibial artery Fibular artery Posterior tibial artery Posterior tibial artery Lateral plantar artery Fibular artery Dorsalis pedis artery Medial plantar artery Arcuate artery Dorsalis pedis artery (from top of foot) Dorsal metatarsal arteries Plantar arch

  36. Figure 32.8 Veins of the right pelvis and lower limb. Common iliac vein Internal iliac vein External iliac vein Inguinal ligament Femoral vein Great saphenous vein (superficial) Great saphenous vein Popliteal vein Popliteal vein Small saphenous vein Anterior tibial vein Fibular vein Fibular vein Small saphenous vein (superficial) Anterior tibial vein Dorsalis pedis vein Posterior tibial vein Dorsal venous arch Plantar veins Deep plantar arch Dorsal metatarsal veins Digital veins Posterior view Anterior view

  37. Figure 32.9 Venous drainage of abdominal organs not drained by the hepatic portal vein. Hepatic veins Inferior phrenic vein Renal veins Inferior vena cava Left suprarenal vein Left ascending lumbar vein Right suprarenal vein Lumbar veins Right gonadal vein Left gonadal vein Common iliac vein External iliac vein Internal iliac vein

  38. Figure 32.10 Venous drainage of the head, neck, and brain. Ophthalmic vein Superficial temporal vein Facial vein Superior sagittal sinus Occipital vein Falx cerebri Posterior auricular vein Inferior sagittal sinus External jugular vein Cavernous sinus Vertebral vein Straight sinus Internal jugular vein Confluence of sinuses Superior and middle thyroid veins Transverse sinuses Brachioce- phalic vein Sigmoid sinus Subclavian vein Jugular foramen Right internal jugular vein Superior vena cava

  39. Figure 32.11 Veins of the thorax and right upper limb. Internal jugular vein Brachiocephalic veins External jugular vein Right subclavian vein Left subclavian vein Axillary vein Superior vena cava Brachial vein Azygos vein Cephalic vein Accessory hemiazygos vein Basilic vein Hemiazygos vein Posterior intercostals Inferior vena cava Median cubital vein Ascending lumbar vein Median antebrachial vein Basilic vein Cephalic vein Ulnar vein Radial vein Deep venous palmar arch Superficial venous palmar arch Digital veins

  40. Figure 32.14 Hepatic portal circulation. Hepatic veins Gastric veins Liver Spleen Hepatic portal vein Splenic vein Right gastroepiploic vein Inferior mesenteric vein Superior mesenteric vein Small intestine Large intestine Rectum

  41. Figure 36.1c Structures of the upper respiratory tract (midsagittal section). Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Nasal cavity Sphenoidal sinus Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) Posterior nasal aperture Nasopharynx Nasal vestibule Pharyngeal tonsil Nostril Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Hard palate Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Uvula Oropharynx Soft palate Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Tongue Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Epiglottis Vestibular fold Esophagus Thyroid cartilage Vocal fold Trachea Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland

  42. Figure 36.2 Structure of the larynx. Epiglottis Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Thyrohyoid membrane Body of hyoid bone Fatty pad Cuneiform cartilage Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Arytenoid muscles Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Cricoid cartilage Cricothyroid ligament Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages Cricotracheal ligament Anterior superficial view Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right

  43. Figure 36.3 Structures of the lower respiratory tract. Trachea Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Alveoli Alveolar duct Lobar (secondary) bronchus Respiratory bronchioles Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Superior lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of left lung Terminal bronchiole Alveolar sac Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung

  44. Figure 36.4 Diagram of the relationship between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries involved in gas exchange. Red blood cell Nucleus of type I alveolar cell Alveolar pores Capillary O2 Capillary CO2 Macrophage Alveolus Endothelial cell nucleus Alveolus Alveolar epithelium Respiratory membrane Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Capillary endothelium Red blood cell in capillary Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) Type II alveolar cell Type I alveolar cell

  45. Figure 36.5a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity. Intercostal muscle Trachea Rib Thymus Parietal pleura Pleural cavity Lung Apex of lung Visceral pleura Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Left superior lobe Oblique fissure Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Left inferior lobe Diaphragm Cardiac notch Base of lung

  46. Figure 36.5b Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity. Left superior lobe Apex of lung Oblique fissure Pulmonary artery Left inferior lobe Left main bronchus Hilum of lung Pulmonary vein Aortic impression Cardiac impression Oblique fissure Lobules

  47. Figure 36.5c Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity. Posterior Esophagus (in mediastinum) Vertebra Root of lung at hilum Right lung • Left main bronchus • Left pulmonary artery Parietal pleura • Left pulmonary vein Visceral pleura Left lung Pleural cavity Thoracic wall Pulmonary trunk Pericardial membranes Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum Sternum Anterior

  48. Figure 36.6 Tissue composition of the tracheal wall. Posterior Mucosa • Pseudostratified • ciliated columnar • epithelium • Lamina propria • (connective tissue) Esophagus Submucosa Trachealis muscle Seromucous gland in submucosa Lumen of trachea Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Anterior

  49. Figure 36.7 Microscopic structure of a bronchiole and alveoli. Smooth muscle Pseudostratified epithelium Lumen of bronchiole Lamina propria Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar pores Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac

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