SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE

1. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Presented By: Deacon IdowuAdefuye

2. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Definitions A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function.

3. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Definitions In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being."

4. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Definitions DRUG ABUSE is compulsive, excessive, and self-damaging use of habit forming drugs or substances, leading to addiction or dependence, serious physiologicalinjury (such as damage to kidneys, liver, heart) and/or psychologicalharm (such as dysfunctionalbehaviorpatterns, hallucinations, memoryloss), or death.

5. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Definitions Drug abuse is identified as excessive use of a medication. A person uses these medications or substances to obtain a certain feeling or effect. Drug abuse is the misuse of mind-altering substances with the intention of altering consciousness. Prescription and over-the-counter drugs can also be abused.

6. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • We will consider self medication and drug abuse based on certain classification as follows: • Drugs that have effect on the brain. • Anabolic steroids • HIV/AIDS and drug abuse • Inhalants • Prescription/OTC drugs • Other points/issues…………

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9. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • 1.BRAIN AND ADDICTION Introducing ... Your Brain! • The brain is the command center of your body. It controls just about everything you do, even when you are sleeping. • The brain is made up of many parts that all work together as a team. Each of these different parts has a specific and important job to do. • When drugs enter the brain, they can interrupt the work and actually change how the brain performs its jobs. These changes are what lead to compulsive drug use, the hallmark of addiction.

10. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • The limbic system links together a bunch of brain structures that control our emotional responses, such as feeling pleasure when we eat chocolate. The good feelings motivate us to repeat the behavior, which is good because eating is critical to our lives.

11. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Drugs of abuse affect three primary areas of the brain: 1. The brain stem is in charge of all of the functions our body needs to stay alive—breathing, circulating blood, and digesting food. It also links the brain with the spinal cord, which runs down the back and is responsible for moving muscles and limbs as well as letting the brain know what’s happening to the body.

12. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • The cerebral cortex is the mushroom-like outer part of the brain (the gray matter). It’s divided into four areas, called lobes, which control specific functions. Some areas process information from our senses, enabling us to see, feel, hear, and taste. The front part of the cortex, known as the frontal cortex or forebrain, is the thinking center. It powers our ability to think, plan, solve problems, and make decisions.

13. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • All drugs of abuse—nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, and others—affect the brain’s “reward” circuit, which is part of the limbic system. Normally, the reward circuit responds to pleasurable experiences by releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine, which creates feelings of pleasure, and tells the brain that this is something important—pay attention and remember it. Drugs hijack this system, causing unusually large amounts of dopamine to flood the system. Sometimes, this lasts for a long time compared to what happens when a natural reward stimulates dopamine. This flood of dopamine is what causes the “high” or euphoria associated with drug abuse.

14. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Think about how you feel when something good happens—maybe your team wins a game or you're praised for something you've done well—that's your limbic system at work. Because natural pleasures in our lives are necessary for survival, the limbic system creates an appetite that drives you to seek out those things.

15. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE 2. ANABOLIC STEROIDS What Are They? Ever wondered how those bulky weight lifters got so big? While some may have gotten their muscles through a strict regimen of weightlifting and diet, others may have gotten that way through the illegal use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. "Anabolic" refers to a steroid's ability to help build muscle, and "androgenic" refers to their role in promoting the development of male sexual characteristics.

16. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUseOther types of steroids, like cortisol, estrogen, and progesterone, do not build muscle, are not anabolic, and therefore do not have the same harmful effects.

17. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Major health consequences from abusing anabolic steroids include: i) Prematurely stunted growth through early skeletal maturation and accelerated puberty changes. This means that teens risk remaining short for the remainder of their lives if they take anabolic steroids before they stop growing. ii) Jaundice (yellowish coloring of skin, tissues, and body fluids), fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases in LDL (bad cholesterol), decreases in HDL (good cholesterol), severe acne, trembling, and in very rare cases liver and kidney tumors. iii)In addition, there are some gender-specific side effects

18. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE a. For guys—shrinking of the testicles, reduced sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, and increased risk for prostate cancer b. For girls—growth of facial hair, male-pattern baldness, changes in or cessation of the menstrual cycle, enlargement of the clitoris, and a permanently deepened voice iv)Steroid abuse can also have an effect on behavior. Many users report feeling good about themselves while on anabolic steroids

19. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE v) Steroids can also lead to other changes in mood, such as feelings of depression or irritability. Depression, which can be life threatening, often is seen when the drugs are stopped and may contribute to the continued use of anabolic steroids. Researchers also report that users may suffer from paranoia, jealousy, extreme irritability, delusions, and impaired judgment stemming from feelings of invincibility.

20. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE 3. HIV/AIDS LINK TO DRUG ABUSE • What Are HIV and AIDS? HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). AIDS is a disease of the immune system that has treatment options, but no cure, at the present time. Most people just say “HIV/AIDS” when they are talking about either the virus (HIV) or the disease it causes (AIDS).

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22. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • HIV is a blood-borne virus. That means it can spread when the blood or bodily fluids of someone who’s infected comes in contact with the blood, broken skin, or mucous membranes of an uninfected person. Sharing needles or other equipment used for injection drug use and engaging in risky sexual behaviors are the two main ways that HIV is spread. Infected pregnant women also can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.

23. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE 4. INHALANTS • What Are They? If you’ve ever come across a smelly marker, you’ve experienced an inhalant. They seem harmless, but they can actually be quite dangerous. Inhalants are chemical vapors that people inhale on purpose to get “high.” The vapors produce mind-altering, and sometimes disastrous, effects. These vapors are in a variety of products common in almost any home or workplace. Examples are some paints, glues, gasoline, and cleaning fluids. Many people do not think of these products as drugs because they were never meant to be used to achieve an intoxicating effect. But when they are intentionally inhaled to produce a “high,” they can cause serious harm

24. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE 5. PRESCRIPTION DRUGS ABUSE What Are the Common Misconceptions About Prescription Drug Abuse? There's a reason that prescription drugs are intended to be taken under the direction of a doctor: if used improperly they can be dangerous. Teens are making the decision to abuse prescription medicines based on misinformation. In fact, many people think that abusing prescription drugs is safer than abusing illicit drugs. As the facts will tell you, prescription drugs can have dangerous short- and long-term health consequences when used incorrectly or by someone other than for whom they were intended.

25. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • What Is Prescription Drug Abuse? Prescription drug abuse is when someone takes a medication that was prescribed for someone else or takes their own prescription in a manner or dosage other than what was prescribed. Abuse can include taking a friend's or relative's prescription to get high, to treat pain, or because you think it will help with studying.

26. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • How Are Prescription Drugs Abused? It depends—some people take other people's drugs for their intended purposes (to relieve pain, to stay awake, or to fall asleep). Others take them to get high, often at larger doses than prescribed, or by a different route of administration. Most prescription drugs come in pill or capsule form. Sometimes, people who abuse prescription drugs break or crush the pill or capsule, then swallow the drug, sniff it, or "cook" it—turn it to liquid—and then inject it.

27. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • How Do Prescription Drugs Affect the Body, and What Are the Common Effects? • Abusing prescription drugs can have negative short- and long-term health consequences. Opioids, central nervous system depressants, and stimulants each affect the brain and body in different ways. • Opioids attach to specific proteins called opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. When opioid drugs attach to these receptors, they can diminish the perception of pain. They also affect areas of the brain that deal with pleasure (the limbic system)—which is why they are often abused and why they can be addictive.

28. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Opioids also cause drowsiness, constipation, and physical dependence with repeated use (or abuse). An overdose of opioids can cause breathing to slow down so much as to cause death. Overdose can occur when people take too high a dose; when they crush a time-release pill or capsule before swallowing, sniffing, or injecting the drug; or when they combine opioids with central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, Valium, or Xanax.

29. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Central nervous system (CNS) depressants slow down activity in the brain. They make people feel drowsy or calm, an effect that is helpful for those suffering from anxiety or sleep disorders. High doses can cause confusion and slowed breathing. Examples: Benzodiazepines, barbiturates and alcohol—Combining them can be very risky.

30. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Stimulants Stimulants increase the level actitvity in the brain and body. This can increase blood pressure and heart rate and open up the pathways of the respiratory system, which can increase alertness, attention, and energy. An overdose of stimulants can cause anxiety, panic, tremors, irregular heartbeat, dangerously high body temperatures, and even heart attack.

31. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Over-the-Counter Drugs, Like Cough Medicine? Cough and cold medications are some of the most commonly abused over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Many contain an ingredient called dextromethorphan (DXM). At high doses, make people feel disconnected from their normal selves. They affect memory, feelings, and thoughts. Its abuse can affect control over movement; cause numbness, nausea, and vomiting; and can increase heart rate and blood pressure.

32. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • When taken as directed, OTCs are safe and effective, but high doses can cause problems. And, some OTC medications can produce dangerous health effects when taken with alcohol. It is important to understand these risks, read the bottle labels, and take OTC medications only as directed.

33. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • You should read the information that comes with the prescription and that is written on the container. This will include the doctor's instructions for how much of the drug to take and how often, as well as warnings about possible side effects. Read the label and learn whether you should take the drug with or without food, whether the drug will make you drowsy, and whether you can take it with other prescription or over-the-counter medicines. You can protect yourself by taking prescription drugs only according to these instructions. That includes the dosage prescribed and the length of time. If you have a question about a drug that has been prescribed for you, have your parents call your doctor or pharmacist.

34. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • If the drug is creating problems for you (e.g., if you experience unpleasant side effects or think you may be becoming addicted), you should consult with your doctor immediately to see if a change in dosage or scheduling of the medication is needed, or if it should be stopped altogether. But do not make these decisions on your own—there can be risks to changing dosage or stopping a medication abruptly.

35. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Effects Drug abuse often affects a person's health. While the effects depend on the type of drug the person abuses, some of the common effects of drug abuse include heart attacks, kidney damage and comas. The abuse of drugs may lead to seizures and disorientation. It may cause a person to have difficulty breathing and lose consciousness. Worst of all, drug abuse can even lead to sudden death.

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37. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Abusing drugs may lead to other unsafe behavior. For example, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), a person may be more likely to have unprotected sex while abusing drugs, increasing her risk of contracting deadly sexually transmitted diseases. She may also be more likely to share needles, which can also lead to contraction of a potentially deadly condition, such as HIV. Additionally, a person who abuses drugs may risk accidentally overdosing because she eventually needs more of the drug to get the same good feelings.

38. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Strained relationships It can begin to strain a person's relationships with his family and friends, even weakening marital bonds. Reduced productivity A person who abuses drugs may begin to slack off or make mistakes at work, and he may miss more work days. Crime Murder, cultism, violence, etc, ……..

39. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • The Effect of Drug Abuse on Society Drug abuse is prevalent in all societies. Economies are held back, families are made less happy and occasionally even torn asunder by serious injury, death or deeply ... Effects of Drug Abuse in Babies • Drug abuse can have a devastating effect on a baby. Smoking, prescription drug abuse, or illegal drug use jeopardizes your baby's health.

40. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Drug Abuse Effects on an Unborn Fetus The early stages of pregnancy are the most crucial to fetal development. Drug abuse by a pregnant woman can have devastating effects on the health of the unborn fetus ... • Financial Effects of Drug Abuse Drug abuse can have legal and financial ramifications as some people may spend money needed for food and shelter on drugs or go into debt to get more of the drugs to which they're addicted. Some may even go as far as stealing to fund their drug habits.

41. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Drug abuse can be likened to this: • Take a gun loaded with live bullets 2. Point the gun at your forehead 3. Pull the trigger

42. La VIE EST BONNE

43. LIFE IS GOOD DON’T ABUSE DRUGS

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45. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Functions • Many of the kidney's functions are accomplished by relatively simple mechanisms of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, which take place in the nephron. Filtration, which takes place at the renal corpuscle, is the process by which cells and large proteins are filtered from the blood to make an ultrafiltrate that eventually becomes urine. The kidney generates 180 liters of filtrate a day, while reabsorbing a large percentage, allowing for the generation of only approximately 2 liters of urine. Reabsorption is the transport of molecules from this ultrafiltrate and into the blood. Secretion is the reverse process, in which molecules are transported in the opposite direction, from the blood into the urine.

46. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • Excretion of wastes • The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism. These include the nitrogenous wastes called "urea", from protein catabolism, as well as uric acid, from nucleic acid metabolism. Formation of urine is also the function of the kidney.

47. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSEThe Liver

48. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Breakdown • The breakdown of insulin and other hormones • The liver glucoronidatesbilirubin, facilitating its excretion into bile. • The liver breaks down or modifies toxic substances (e.g., methylation) and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism. This sometimes results in toxication, when the metabolite is more toxic than its precursor. Preferably, the toxins are conjugated to avail excretion in bile or urine. • The liver converts ammonia to urea (urea cycle)

49. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE Other functions of the liver • The liver stores a multitude of substances, including glucose (in the form of glycogen), vitamin A (1–2 years' supply), vitamin D (1–4 months' supply), vitamin B12 (1-3 years' supply), iron, and copper. • The liver is responsible for immunological effects- the reticuloendothelial system of the liver contains many immunologically active cells, acting as a 'sieve' for antigens carried to it via the portal system. • The liver produces albumin, the major osmolar component of blood serum. • The liver synthesizes angiotensinogen, a hormone that is responsible for raising the blood pressure when activated by renin, an enzyme that is released when the kidney senses low blood pressure.

50. SELF MEDICATION & DRUG ABUSE • The liver supports almost every organ in the body and is vital for survival. Because of its strategic location and multidimensional functions, the liver is also prone to many diseases.[8]