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Cell and Enzyme Immobilization

Cell and Enzyme Immobilization. Cells and enzymes as biocatalysts. enzyme. S P. cells. glucose glucose/fructose. glucose isomerase. cell based versus enzymatic processes.

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Cell and Enzyme Immobilization

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  1. Cell and Enzyme Immobilization

  2. Cells and enzymes as biocatalysts enzyme S P cells

  3. glucose glucose/fructose glucose isomerase cell based versus enzymatic processes glucose ethanol multi-enzymes acting sequentially • whole cells preferred when multi-step • enzymes preferred for 1 or 2 step transformations • competing side reactions with whole cells • sterility problems • cell lysis • other physiological requirements (nutrients, O2)

  4. Advantages to immobilizing enzymes and cells • increased stability,weeks or months • stable to heat, pH extremes, storage, reaction • facilitates recovery for repeated or continuous use (essential for soluble enzymes) • cellular activity is enzymatic activity (biotransformations)

  5. Immobilization Techniques bound entrapped covalently attached adsorbed matrix encapsulation microencapsulation support enzyme or cell

  6. Matrix or lattice entrapment in polymeric gels • monomer, crosslinker, polymerization catalyst, cells or enzyme • forms lattice structure, entrapping cells/enzyme • eg. polyacrylamide cross-linked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (covalent gel)

  7. Alginate and carrageenan non-covalent gels • Naturally derived polymers extracted from seaweed • Used in food industry as a thickener • ice cream, pudding, frozen drink concentrates, jam, yoghurt, bakery products, confectionery • Dental molds • Immobilization technology as an encapsulating matrix • Natural polymers are highly variable in composition and their chemistry is generally not known • Composition affects properties

  8. Alginate b-D-guluronic acid a-L-mannuronic acid Alginate polymer Alginate block structures (Mikkelsen and Elgsaeter, 1995; Smidsrod and Skjak-Braek, 1990)

  9. Alginate Matrix Binding of Ca2+ to G Eggbox model for Ca2+ binding Structure of the Alginate-Ca2+ Matrix

  10. Cell entrapment protocol - external gelation Ca++ Dropwise addition of alginate/cells into CaCl2 gelation bath

  11. 6.5 7.5 DNA entrapment protocol - emulsification/internal gelation Ca++ CaCO3 alginate droplet containing DNA, microcrystalline CaCO3 alginate in oil emulsion

  12. oil recycle canola oil: 40oC KCl carrageenan: 40oC 5oC static mixer separator settler yeast static mixer 40oC carrageenan beads to bioreactor

  13. Immobilized yeast technology Kenics static mixer to encapsulate brewing yeast Continuous brewing

  14. gas out beer out bead disengagement section draft tube temperature control jacket medium in sparger - air in Labatt continuous airlift reactor

  15. Tannase from Aspergillus oryzae to hydrolyze tea tannins • tannins represent 25% of extractables • in tea leaves • cause creaming (turbidity) on cooling • desire tea to be clear and bright • tannase controlled hydrolysis of tannins, • retaining flavour • encapsulated tannase remained stable • for 1 month • 3 successive batch cycles during • 48 h processing

  16. Membrane coating polyanion core (alginate) • polycation • membrane • chitosan • poly-L-lysine • co-guanidine

  17. DNA microspheres following GI transit

  18. Damon/Connaught process to encapsulate pancreatic islets coated with poly-L-lysine islets in alginate bead liquify alginate core with citrate or EDTA

  19. Microencapsulation • spherical ultrathin semi-permeable membrane enclosing cell/enzyme suspension/solution • interfacial polymerization reaction (nylon) NH2(CH2)6NH2 + ClCO(CH2)8COCl NH2(CH2)6NH-CO(CH2)8CONH(CH2)6NH-CO(CH2)8CO- + HCl nylon 6-10 polyamide

  20. Microencapsulation protocol - interfacial polymerization oil soluble cross-linker chitosan cells/chitosan in oil emulsion

  21. Encapsulation of lobster carotenoids as natural food pigment

  22. Adsorption • simple adsorption of cell/enzyme onto support (carrier) with adsorptive properties • anion exchange resins (DEAE cellulose, Sephadex) • cation exchange resins (carboxymethylcellulose)

  23. Covalent binding to support • common technique • carriers • natural materials (cellulose, active carbon) • inorganic materials (glass, stainless steel, ceramics (porous), silica (sand) • enzymes/cells have reactive groups (NH2, OH, SH, COOH) • carriers are usually unreactive so activation step required

  24. Corning glass process (glucose isomerase and lactase) • 1. support activation • ceramic + (C2H5O)3Si(CH2)3NH2 ceramic-Si-(C2H5O)2(CH2)3NH2 • (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) (activated support) • cross-linking of cells/enzyme • cells-NH2 + OHC-(CH2)3-CHO • (glutaraldehyde) cell-N=CH(CH2)3CH=N-carrier + H2O

  25. Cross-linking intramolecular or cell to cell • enzyme or cell cross-linked to • another enzyme molecule • another protein (BSA) • insoluble carrier molecule • glutaraldehyde cross-links NH2 groups • hexamethylene diamine links COOH groups

  26. Comparison of immobilization techniques • adsorption and gel entrapment • simple, gentle and efficient • enzyme/cells often released (leaky); solved by cross-linking • gas buildup may be problem • microencapsulation • size exclusion (eg. antibodies) • only small substrates can be used • may lead to inactivation • covalent attachment and cross-linking • strong attachment • laborious and expensive • often leads to significant inactivation

  27. Reaction kinetics or mass transfer control • diffusional resistances minimized by • decreasing particle size (increase surface area/volume ratio) • increasing [R]bulk • improved mixing, agitation • increasing porosity • optimizing distribution of enzyme/cells boundary film Rbulk

  28. CH3CHOHCOOH + O2 CH3COOH + CO2 + H2O L-lactate-oxygen 2-oxidoreductase

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