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Legislation + Regulations = Change

Legislation + Regulations = Change. David Blackhurst Director – Star Technical Solutions. Ozone Depletion. Largest observed hole in the Ozone Layer over Antarctica September 2006. Greenhouse Gases. Greenhouse Gases. Kyoto Protocol Status Dark Green – binding reduction targets

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Legislation + Regulations = Change

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  1. Legislation + Regulations = Change David Blackhurst Director – Star Technical Solutions

  2. Ozone Depletion Largest observed hole in the Ozone Layer over Antarctica September 2006

  3. Greenhouse Gases

  4. Greenhouse Gases Kyoto Protocol Status Dark Green – binding reduction targets Other Colours – no binding reduction targets

  5. Greenhouse Gases – Refrigerants GWP CO2 GWP = 1 R134a GWP = 1300 R22 & R407F GWP @ 1700 R410A GWP = 1980 R404A & R507A GWP @ 3800 Note: The GWP number is based on a 100 year time horizon.

  6. Greenhouse Gases – HFC Emissions

  7. Greenhouse Gases – HFC Emissions June 2013 - the USA and China agreed to work together with other countries to use the expertise and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down consumption and production of HFCs.

  8. Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations The Montreal Protocol EU Regulations (EC) No 2037 / 2000 & No 1005 / 2009 On Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer The Environmental Protection (Controls on Ozone Depleting Substances) Regulations 2011 Ozone Depleting Substances (Qualifications) Regulations 2009

  9. Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations The Kyoto Protocol UK Obligations to meeting its Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Target Climate Change Act 2008 Aims to reduce the UKs GHG emissions by at least 80%, from 1990 baseline, by 2050

  10. Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations Climate Change Act 2008 • 5 Key Activities: • Setting national policy and strategy • Reducing the demand for energy and helping people and • businesses to use energy more efficiently • Investing in low-carbon technologies • Publicly reporting carbon emissions from businesses • and the public sector • Taking international action

  11. Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations Climate Change Act 2008 • Initiatives associated with the Act that impact particularly with industry and those operating energy intensive plant such as refrigeration systems include: • EU Emissions Trading System • http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm • Climate Change Agreements (CCA) Incorporating CCL • http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/pollution/136236.aspx • Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) Energy Efficiency Scheme • https://www.gov.uk/crc-energy-efficiency-scheme

  12. Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations The Kyoto Protocol EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas Regulations 2009

  13. Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations • Prevent leakage, and repair any leaks as soon as possible • Arrange proper refrigerant recovery by certified personnel during • servicing and disposal • Carry out leak checks to the schedule shown below • Ensure that only certified competent personnel carry out leakage • checks • Maintain records of refrigerants and of servicing Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas Regulations 2009

  14. Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases UPDATE ANNOUNCED 7TH NOVEMBER 2012 Key Proposal A phase-down measure that from 2015 will limit the total amount of HFCs that can be sold in the EU and reduces this in steps to 1/5th of today’s sales by 2030.

  15. Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations UPDATE 7/11/12 EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases

  16. Refrigeration - Key Legislation & Regulations UPDATE 7/11/12 EU Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 On Certain Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Recharging of existing refrigeration equipment with a charge size over 5 tonnes ofCO2 equivalent with HFC of very high GWP (>2500) will not be permitted from 2020 onwards……… …………as more adequate and energy efficient drop-in refrigerants of lower GWP are already widely available on the market. Note: For R404A, 5 tonnes of CO2 equivalent is a system charge of 1.32kg.

  17. Refrigerants Status Bitzer Refrigerants Report 16 ? ?

  18. The Perfect Refrigerant • Chemically stable and inert • Suitable for cooling applications from -75OC to +20OC • Good thermodynamic characteristics • Non-toxic • Non-flammable • Zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) • Low global warming potential (GWP) • Low cost • Available

  19. The Perfect Refrigerant Ammonia (R717)? Among the earliest of refrigerants, its positive attributes include: • Chemically stable and inert • Wide operating range • Excellent thermodynamic properties • Zero ODP • Zero direct GWP • Low cost: refrigerant and oils • Good safety record

  20. The Perfect Refrigerant Ammonia (R717)? Its challenging attributes include: • Toxic • Flammable at certain concentrations in air (15% to 28% • by vol.) • Not compatible with copper or copper alloys • High discharge temperatures - limiting single stage • operation, particularly with reciprocating compressors • Non-miscible with lubricating oils • Poor public perception

  21. The Perfect Refrigerant Carbon Dioxide (R744)? An early refrigerant which has seen a renaissance in applications over the past 10 years, Carbon Dioxide’s positive attributes include: • Non-toxic • Non-flammable • Positive pressures across complete operating range • High efficiency at low temperature • Cheap refrigerant

  22. The Perfect Refrigerant Carbon Dioxide (R744)? Carbon Dioxide’s positive attributes provide the following potential benefits: • Significantly enhanced performance • Smaller & fewer components, ie compressors, heat • exchangers & pipework • Potential for lower cost installation • Potential for lower cost operation • No recovery and “safe” disposal problems

  23. The Perfect Refrigerant Carbon Dioxide (R744)? Carbon Dioxide’s challenging attributes include: • Relatively high operating pressures Sat Temp (oC) Pressure (bar(g)) R744 -45 7.32 R717 -45 -0.46 R404A -45 0.05 R744 0 33.85 R717 0 3.28 R404A 0 5.03

  24. The Perfect Refrigerant Carbon Dioxide (R744)? Carbon Dioxide’s challenging attributes include: • Relatively high operating pressures • Low critical temperature R744 31oC R717 133oC R404A 73oC

  25. The Perfect Refrigerant Carbon Dioxide (R744)? Carbon Dioxide’s challenging attributes include: • Relatively high operating pressures • Low critical temperature • Affects breathing reflex at concentrations > 2% Similar issues affect synthetic refrigerants, eg HFCs & HCFCs

  26. The Perfect Refrigerant Does not presently exist! The application of all refrigerant options – and associated refrigeration system designs – is a compromise, each carrying its benefits and challenges Regulations, Standards & Guidelines provide the framework for ensuring the safe and appropriate application of all refrigerants

  27. One Size – does not – Fit All The decision on which direction to take will depend on a range of criteria and the relative weighting given to each by those making the assessment. One size - does not - fit all.

  28. Star Refrigeration – From Humble Beginnings to the Natural Choice Star Refrigeration – From Humble Beginnings to the Natural Choice Pioneering Natural Refrigeration Technology since 1970

  29. Q A &

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