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CLASSIFICATION & DIVERSITY

Learn the importance of identifying and grouping organisms for easier recognition, predictions, and understanding of distinguishing features. Explore the taxonomy and nomenclature of living organisms and the common characteristics of insects.

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CLASSIFICATION & DIVERSITY

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  1. CLASSIFICATION &DIVERSITY

  2. Why we need to identify & group organism?? • Recognition of dissimilar organism easier if we can put them in predefined categories

  3. Lantern bug (never seen before??!!) • Insects (through experience)

  4. b) Grouping allows us to make prediction • Looks different • But distinguishing features group them together • Mammals: give birth

  5. How to group living organism?? • Not based only on ONE CHARACTER alone • Eg: animals can fly & cannot fly • Insects -fish • Birds -rodents • Bats • So need to look the overall plan of the organism

  6. TAXONOMY • Greek: taxis - 'order' + nomos - 'law' or 'science'. • the practice and science of classification • Classification: placing an object into sets of categories based on properties/characters of the object

  7. SERIES OF SETS • KINGDOM (Plants, Animals, Fungi, Bacteria, Protoctista) • PHYLUM (approx. 36 phyla) • CLASS (Crustacea, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Insecta) • ORDER • FAMILY (in animals end with ‘-dae’) • GENUS • SPECIES

  8. EG. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS • KINGDOM: ANIMALIA • PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA • CLASS: INSECTA • ORDER: DIPTERA • FAMILY: TEPHRITIDAE • GENUS: Bactrocera • SPECIES: dorsalis

  9. ADDITIONAL SUBSETS • KINGDOM • PHYLUM • CLASS • ORDER • Suborder • Superfamily – ‘-oidea’ • FAMILY – ‘-dae’ • Subfamily – ‘-nae’

  10. Tribe – ‘-inii’ • Subtribe • GENUS • Subgenus • SPECIES • Subspecies

  11. KINGDOM: ANIMALIA • PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA • CLASS: INSECTA • ORDER: HYMENOPTERA • SUPERFAMILY: ICHNEUMONOIDEA • FAMILY: ICHNEUMONIDAE • SUBFAMILY: CRYPTINAE • TRIBE: CRYPTINII • GENUS: Goryphus • SPECIES: mesoxanthus • SUBSPECIES: mesoxanthus

  12. NOMENCLATURE(TATANAMA)

  13. HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED?? • (A) COMMON NAMES • Nyamuktiruk, lalatbuah (fruit fly, kumbangbadak (rhinocerus beetle), kersing/kepinding (true bugs), sorok-sorok (mole cricket), kelip-kelip (firefly), riang-riang (cicada), kutuberas (rice weevil) • Problem: • Not consistent • Doesn’t portray the actual insects

  14. (B) SCIENTIFIC NAMES • consistent around the world • one species with single valid name

  15. SPECIES • FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION • DEF: groups of natural populations that can interbreed. They are reproductively isolated from all other species

  16. SPECIES NAME • Binomial • Consists of Genus and Specific names • Eg.: Bactroceradorsalis • Written in italic • Genus: start wih capital letter • Species: small letters • If hand written: underline both names seperately (Bactroceradorsalis)

  17. Goryphus jendul Azura • Azura: the person who first described and named the species for science • Sometime outhor name in bracket • The author got the genus wrong

  18. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INSECT

  19. CLASS INSECTA • SUBCLASS 1) APTERYGOTA • ALL ADULTS WINGLESS LIKE IMMATURE STAGE • NO TRUE METAMORPHOSIS • PRIMITIVE • 5 ORDERS

  20. 1) PROTURA • Prot=First, Ura=Tail • Eyeless • No antennae • Styli on 1st-3rd abdominal segments • First pair of legs sensory

  21. 2) DIPLURA • Di=two; ura=tail • Refers to two cerci • Styli on abdominal segments 1-7 or 2-7 B. Two cerci • C. Eyeless • D. Antennae present

  22. 3) COLLEMBOLA(SPRINGTAIL) • Furcula (4th abdominal segment ventrally) • Eyes small with no more than 8 facets (ommatidia) on each side of the head. • D. Antennae present

  23. 4) THYSANURA (silverfish) • Short styli on abdominal segments 2-7 • Two cerci and a median caudal filament • Compound eyes small or absent • flattened • Antennae present • Gegat • (old papers, high humid place)

  24. 5) MICROCORYPHIA (BRISTLETAILS) • micro, small; coryphia, head • Styli on abdominal segments 2-9 • Two cerci and a median caudal filament • Antennae present • by day hiding in rock crevices or under bark. They feed at night.

  25. SUBCLASS 2) PTERYGOTA • With wings • 2 groups: • 1) Exopterygota (18) • Incomplete metamorphosis (no pupa) • Develop wings outside of body • 2) Endopterygota (9) • Complete metamorphosis (with pupa) • Develop wings inside body (visible when adult)

  26. EXOPTRYGOTA • 1) BLATTARIA • Body flattened and oval • head concealed from above by pronotum • Wings usually present • Tarsi five-segmented. • Antennae long and slender • Cockroaches

  27. 2)ORTHOPTERA • Body usually linear in shape • Antennae conspicuous • Fore wing straight, narrow • Hind wing broad, membranous and fan-like • Hindlegs adapted for jumping • Grasshoppers & crickets

  28. 3)HEMIPTERA • Subdivided into 2 suborder: • A) heteroptera • B) homoptera

  29. 3A)HETEROPTERA (TRUE BUGS) • Mouthparts modified into • Forewing hemielitron • Wings, when at rest, held flat over body and overlap each other. • Some wingless • C. Typically triangular scutellum (feature shared with Coleoptera). • D. Antennae consist of 4-5 segments.

  30. 3B)HOMOPTERA • Mouthparts modified into beak • Antennae short, bristle-like. • Both pairs of wings of uniform texture and held roof-like over body. • Considerable variation in body form (winged, wingless, degenerate legs).

  31. 4)PHASMIDA/PHASMATODEA • Stick-like or leaf-like • Legs long and slender and not enlarged for jumping, diging, or capturing prey. • Abdomen long and slender • Antennae with 8-80 segments • Stick insects, leaf insects

  32. 5)MANTODEA • Fore legs adapted for grasping prey • Tarsi five-segmented. • Antennae short • Praying mantis • Female ats male after mating

  33. 6) ODONATA • DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY

  34. 7) ISOPTERA • Iso= equal; ptera= wings • Anai-anai • Soft bodied • No constriction of waist • Chewing Mouthparts • Monoliform or filiform antenna • Fontanelle - secretions from top of head glue soil to gather

  35. 8) DERMAPTERA (TEMPIRING) • Front wings: short, similar to elytra in beetles • Hind wings: membranous • Mouthparts chewing • Prominate cerci • Nocturnal • Under bark, cracks • Scavengers - dead and decaying plant material

  36. 9) PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES) • Adults – near aquatic habitat; don't fly that much; hiding in vegetation, debris • Adults feed soft vegetation such as flowers, fruits, pollen, lichens, algaeNymphs feed on invertebrates or plant detritus

  37. 10) GRYLLOBLATTODEA • gryllo, relating to crickets, blattaria, relating to cockroaches • Wingless, Compound eyes small or absent • D. Body leathery • E. Abdmen oval and cylindrical • F. Antennae 23-40 segments • Habitat: high altitude • Food: debris of insects that died on snow fields at high altitudes.

  38. 11) EPHEMEROPTRA • Two-pair of triangular, membranous wings with many veins • Ten-segmented abdomen with two to three caudal filaments (cerci) • Fragile-looking • Near water • Adults don’t feed • Immature: algae, plants • bioindicator

  39. 12) ZORAPTERA • Winged, wingless (lack eyes) B. 2-Segmented tarsi • C. Chewing mouthparts • D. Cerci present • E. Moniliform 9-segment antenna • Feed on fungus and dead insects

  40. 13) PSOCOPTERA • 2- to 3-Segment tarsi • B. Roof-like wing position • C. No cerci • D. Overall appearance - bulbous head, long antennae • E. "Gnawing" mouthparts • Damp areas • Feed ob old books, lichen, fungus on wood

  41. 14) THYSANOPTERA • Very tiny, < 2mm • Mouthpart: stylet • Narrowed wings with fringes • Veins greatly reduced/absent • Flowers, under bark, leaf litter

  42. 15) EMBIIDINA • embid, lively (run backward quickly when disturbed) • No ocelli • Chewing mouthparts • Males- winged; Females - not winged • leaf litter, under stones, bark • Food:dried plant material, dried grasses

  43. 16) PHTHIRAPTERA (KUTU) • Wingless, ectoparasite • 1 Tarsi - modified for a claw • Mouthparts - stylets for sucking lice, mandibles for chewing lice • Dorso - ventally flattened • Eggs glue to hair or feather

  44. Host-specific • Birds and mammals:chewing lice (MALLOPHAGA) • Mammals: sucking lice (ANOPLURA)

  45. 17) MANTOPHASMATODEA • discovered 2002 • South Africa • Carnivorous • Related to Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea and Mantodea

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