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Transport Layer Congestion Control in Computer Communication Networks

This lecture discusses the principles of congestion control in the transport layer of computer communication networks, including the causes and costs of congestion, congestion control approaches, and TCP congestion control. It explores how congestion is inferred and managed in end-systems and network-assisted approaches.

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Transport Layer Congestion Control in Computer Communication Networks

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  1. University of Nevada – Reno Computer Science & Engineering Department Fall 2011 CPE 400 / 600Computer Communication Networks Lecture 14 Transport Layer (Transmission Control Protocol) slides are modified from J. Kurose & K. Ross Introduction

  2. 3.1 Transport-layer services 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 Connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 Principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control connection management 3.6Principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Chapter 3 outline Transport Layer

  3. Congestion: informally: “too many sources sending too much data too fast for network to handle” different from flow control! manifestations: lost packets (buffer overflow at routers) long delays (queueing in router buffers) a top-10 problem! Principles of Congestion Control Transport Layer

  4. two senders, two receivers one router, infinite buffers no retransmission large delays when congested maximum achievable throughput lout lin : original data unlimited shared output link buffers Host A Host B Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 1 Transport Layer

  5. one router, finite buffers sender retransmission of lost packet Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 2 Host A lout lin : original data l'in : original data, plus retransmitted data Host B finite shared output link buffers Transport Layer

  6. always: (goodput) “perfect” retransmission only when loss: retransmission of delayed (not lost) packet makes larger (than perfect case) for same l l l > = l l l in in in out out out Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 2 “costs” of congestion: • more work (retrans) for given “goodput” • unneeded retransmissions: link carries multiple copies of pkt Transport Layer

  7. four senders multihop paths timeout/retransmit l l in in Host A Host B Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 3 Q:what happens as and increase ? lout lin : original data l'in : original data, plus retransmitted data finite shared output link buffers Transport Layer

  8. Host A Host B Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 3 lout another “cost” of congestion: • when packet dropped, any “upstream transmission capacity used for that packet was wasted! Transport Layer

  9. end-end congestion control: no explicit feedback from network congestion inferred from end-system observed loss, delay approach taken by TCP network-assisted congestion control: routers provide feedback to end systems single bit indicating congestion (SNA, DECbit, TCP/IP ECN, ATM) explicit rate sender should send at Approaches towards congestion control two broad approaches towards congestion control: Transport Layer

  10. ABR: available bit rate: “elastic service” if sender’s path “underloaded”: sender should use available bandwidth if sender’s path congested: sender throttled to minimum guaranteed rate RM (resource management) cells: sent by sender, interspersed with data cells bits in RM cell set by switches (“network-assisted”) NI bit: no increase in rate (mild congestion) CI bit: congestion indication RM cells returned to sender by receiver, with bits intact Case study: ATM ABR congestion control Transport Layer

  11. two-byte ER (explicit rate) field in RM cell congested switch may lower ER value in cell sender’ send rate thus maximum supportable rate on path EFCI bit in data cells: set to 1 in congested switch if data cell preceding RM cell has EFCI set, sender sets CI bit in returned RM cell Case study: ATM ABR congestion control Transport Layer

  12. 3.1 Transport-layer services 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 Connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 Principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control connection management 3.6 Principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Chapter 3 outline Transport Layer

  13. TCP congestion control: • goal: TCP sender should transmit as fast as possible, but without congesting network • Q: how to find rate just below congestion level • decentralized: each TCP sender sets its own rate, based on implicit feedback: • ACK: segment received (a good thing!), network not congested, so increase sending rate • lost segment: assume loss due to congested network, so decrease sending rate Transport Layer

  14. loss, so decrease rate X TCP congestion control: bandwidth probing • “probing for bandwidth”: increase transmission rate on receipt of ACK, until eventually loss occurs, then decrease transmission rate • continue to increase on ACK, decrease on loss (since available bandwidth is changing, depending on other connections in network) ACKs being received, so increase rate X X X TCP’s “sawtooth” behavior X sending rate time • Q: how fast to increase/decrease? • details to follow Transport Layer

  15. sender limits rate by limiting number of unACKed bytes “in pipeline”: cwnd: differs from rwnd(how, why?) sender limited bymin(cwnd,rwnd) roughly, cwndis dynamic, function of perceived network congestion ACK(s) cwnd rate = bytes/sec RTT TCP Congestion Control: details LastByteSent-LastByteAcked cwnd cwnd bytes RTT Transport Layer

  16. segment loss event: reducing cwnd timeout: no response from receiver cut cwndto 1 3 duplicate ACKs: at least some segments getting through recall fast retransmit cut cwnd in half, less aggressively than on timeout TCP Congestion Control: more details ACK received: increase cwnd • slowstart phase: • increase exponentially fast (despite name) at connection start, or following timeout • congestion avoidance: • increase linearly Transport Layer

  17. when connection begins, cwnd = 1 MSS example: MSS = 500 bytes & RTT = 200 msec initial rate = 20 kbps available bandwidth may be >> MSS/RTT desirable to quickly ramp up to respectable rate increase rate exponentially until first loss event or when threshold reached double cwnd every RTT done by incrementing cwnd by 1 for every ACK received time TCP Slow Start Host A Host B one segment RTT two segments four segments Transport Layer

  18. ssthresh:cwnd threshold maintained by TCP on loss event: set ssthreshto cwnd/2 remember (half of) TCP rate when congestion last occurred when cwnd >= ssthresh: transition from slowstart to congestion avoidance phase new ACK cwnd = cwnd+MSS dupACKcount = 0 transmit new segment(s),as allowed L cwnd = 1 MSS ssthresh = 64 KB dupACKcount = 0 cwnd > ssthresh timeout ssthresh = cwnd/2 cwnd = 1 MSS dupACKcount = 0 retransmit missing segment slow start congestion avoidance timeout ssthresh = cwnd/2 cwnd = 1 MSS dupACKcount = 0 retransmit missing segment duplicate ACK dupACKcount++ Transitioning into/out of slowstart L Transport Layer

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