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Glucose Catabolism Respiratory Chain

Glucose Catabolism Respiratory Chain. Respiration: a process changes reducing power into a biological useful energy form ATP. Aerobic respiration: oxygen is the final electron acceptor, the product is H 2 O.

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Glucose Catabolism Respiratory Chain

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  1. Glucose CatabolismRespiratory Chain • Respiration: a process changes reducing power into a biological useful energy form ATP. • Aerobic respiration: oxygen is the final electron acceptor, the product is H2O. • Anaerobic respiration: the final electron acceptors are other than oxygen such as NO3-, SO42-, Cu2+, and Fe3+. • Respiratory chain is the electron transport chain for formation of ATP by transferring electrons from the carriers such as NADH to an electron acceptor.

  2. Glucose CatabolismRespiratory Chain-Oxidative Phosphorylation “Oxidative Phosphorylation is the electron transport chain that forms ATP as electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers” (L. Stryer, 1988) - electron acceptor: oxygen (aerobic condition) - generate ATP, H2O - from NADH or FADH2 Taking place in mitochondria in eucaryotes or in cytoplasmic membrane in procaryotes

  3. http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/oxidative/oxidativephosphorylation.htmlhttp://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/oxidative/oxidativephosphorylation.html

  4. Glucose CatabolismOxidative Phosphorylation • In the process of Oxidative Phosphorylation In eucaryotes: NADH + H+ 3 ATP FADH2 2 ATP In procaryotes: NADH + H+ ≤2 ATP FADH2 ATP

  5. Glucose Aerobic CatabolismReaction Summary • EMP (glycolysis) Glucose + 2ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi →2 pyruvate + 2 ATP+ 2 (NADH + H+) • Entry of pyruvate 2pyruvate + 2NAD+ + 2CoA-SH →2 acetyl-CoA + 2CO2 + 2(NADH + H+) • TCA cycle 2acetyl-CoA + 6 NAD + 2FAD + 2GDP+ 2Pi + 4H2O → 2CoA + 6(NADH + H+) +2FADH2+2GTP (~ATP) + 4CO2 • Oxidative Phosphorylation In eucaryotes EMP: 2 NADH → 2 FADH2 → 4 ATP (glycerol phosphate shuttle) Entry of pyruvate and TCA: 8 NADH → 24 ATP TCA: 2FADH2 → 4 ATP The overall reaction: Glucose + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36 Pi → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + 36 ATP

  6. http://www.metabolic-database.com/html/body_lipogenesis__prevention_of_fat1.htmlhttp://www.metabolic-database.com/html/body_lipogenesis__prevention_of_fat1.html

  7. Glucose Catabolism Glucose Glycolysis or Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Anaerobic metabolism Aerobic metabolism Fermentation: ethanol, acetic acid, lactate. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or (Krebs) or (Citric acid cycle) Respiratory chain: Oxidative phosphorylation

  8. Glucose Anaerobic Catabolism Glycolysis (EMP)

  9. Ethanol Production Glycolysis (EMP) Pyruvate Decarboxylase Fermentation Alcohol dehydrogenase

  10. Hydrocarbon Catabolism • Hydrocarbon: C & H - Aliaphatic hydrocarbon e.g. octane, C8H18 polyethylene –HC=CH- - Aromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene • Metabolism of hydrocarbon - Requires oxygen - Hydrocarbons are converted to acetyl-CoA which is metabolized by TCA cycle. - Challenges : low solubility in aqueous solution. available microorganisms are limited Pseudomonas, Mycobacteria naphthalene

  11. Naphthalene Pathway http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/naph/naph_image_map.html http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/naph/naph_map.html http://www.dcs.napier.ac.uk/~cs203/catech.html

  12. Nitrogen Compounds Catabolism Nitrogen compounds can be used for C, N and energy sources Proteins → peptides → amino acids → converted other amino acids or organic acids and ammonia by deamination. - organic acids: acetyl-CoA into TCA cycle, lipids - amino acids: proteins, other amino acids or enter TCA cycle - ammonium: amino acid, protein, nucleic acids Nucleic acids → ribose/deoxyribose, phosphoric acid and purine/pyrimidine - sugar: glycolysis and TCA - Phosphoric acid: ATP, lipids, nucleic acids - bases: nucleic acids, urea, acetic acids

  13. Photosynthesis Glycolysis and TCA

  14. Overview of Biosynthesis • Pentose-phosphate pathway (hexo-monophosphate pathway (HMP): convert glucose-6-phosphate into carbon skeletons of C3 ~ C7 . • Polysaccharides: glycan, glycogen gluconeogenesis • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids (DNAs, RNAs)

  15. 2 1 5 3 4 6

  16. Summary of Metabolism Pathways • Metabolism: - catabolism: ATP, C skeleton for further biosynthesis - anabolism: biosynthesis requiring energy • Bioenergetics: - energy storage and carrier ATP - Reducing power carriers: NADH, NADPH, FADH2 • Glucose catabolism:

  17. Glucose Glycolysis or Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Anaerobic metabolism Aerobic metabolism Fermentation: ethanol, acetic acid, lactate. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or (Krebs) or (Citric acid cycle) Respiratory chain: Oxidative phosphorylation Summary of Metabolism Pathways • Glucose catabolism:

  18. Summary of Metabolism Pathways - Under aerobic condition, one molecule of Glucose catabolism generates: in Glycolysis, 2 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate in TCA cycle, 6 (NADH+H+), 2FADH2, 2GTP, and 4CO2 in oxidative phosphorylation: NADH, FADH2, O2→ ATP, H2O

  19. Summary of Metabolism Pathways - Under anaerobic condition, Glucose catabolism includes Glycolysis and fermentation: Products: ethanol, lactic acid, ATP, etc. • Nitrogen compound catabolism • Hydrocarbon catabolism • Photosynthesis • Biosynthesis

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