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Tissue Engineering

Tissue Engineering. By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181. History. It all began over 300 years ago with a scientist named Robert Hooke He was the first to discover a cell by looking at a slice of cork and discovered a honeycomb like structure.

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Tissue Engineering

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  1. Tissue Engineering By: Chris Morino University of Rhode Island, Biomedical Engineering, BME 181

  2. History • It all began over 300 years ago with a scientist named Robert Hooke • He was the first to discover a cell by looking at a slice of cork and discovered a honeycomb like structure

  3. History cont.’ • As time went on more scientist began studying cells and eventually discovering ways to manipulate them. • 1907 Harrison first to grow frog ectodermal cells in vitro • 1916 Rous and Jones discovered trypsin is capable of degrading proteins, therefore separating cells • This all led up to the creation of scaffolds in 1998 which make modern tissue engineering possible.

  4. Extraction • Fluid tissues like blood are extracted in large portions • For solid tissues, usually the tissue is sliced, then dissolved with the enzymes trypsin to remove the extracellular matrix that hold cells together. • Once cells are free floating, they use a centrifuge to extract the desired materials

  5. Types of Cells Autologous are obtained from the same individual to which they will be reimplanted Allogeneic cells come from the body of a donor of the same species. Xenogeneic cells are these isolated from individuals of another species. Syngeneic or isogenic cells are isolated from genetically identical organisms.

  6. Scaffolds • Cells are often implanted into these because they offer three dimensional structure to support tissue growth • Scaffolds can provide at least one of the following needs for cells • 1. Allow cell attachment and migration • 2. Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors • 3. Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and expressed products • 4. Exert certain mechanical and biological influences to modify the behavior of the cell phase

  7. Materials • Scaffolds need to be made with Biodegradable substances so that it body could accept the implant. • Common material is PLA (polylatic acid) • This polyester degrades within the human body to form lactic acid

  8. Bioreactors • The purpose of a bioreactor is to create an artificial environment in order to promote cell or tissue growth in vivo

  9. Why this is useful • Between 1987 and 1989 over 4,166 liver transplants were performed • After 5 years the costs for survivors and those 1,887 patients who died came to $960 million • Estimates for an artificial liver plus surgical procedures came to $50,000 with follow cost of 2,000 per year for the 5 year period • The total cost for that period would be $250 million and the patients have a higher chance of survival and better quality of life

  10. Work Cited • "Medscape Log In." Medscape Log In. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/566133_2>. • "Tissue Engineering." Tissue Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://textile.iitd.ac.in/highlights/fol8/01.htm>. • "Discovery of Cells and the Developmwnt of Cell Theory." Discovery of Cells and the Developmwnt of Cell Theory. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.smithlifescience.com/celltheory.htm>. • "Tissue Engineering." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Feb. 2013. Web. 24Feb. 2013. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering>. • "Tissue Engineering." Tissue Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.atp.nist.gov/focus/tissue.htm>.

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