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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. TELEVISION and the Power of Visual Culture. EARLY TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS. Late 1800s: cathode ray tube 1880’s: Nipkow’s scanning disk 1920’s: Zworykin’s iconoscope 1920’s: Farnsworth’s image dissector tube 1930: Farnsworth patents first electronic television.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 TELEVISION and the Power of Visual Culture

  2. EARLY TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS • Late 1800s: cathode ray tube • 1880’s: Nipkow’s scanning disk • 1920’s: Zworykin’s iconoscope • 1920’s: Farnsworth’s image dissector tube • 1930: Farnsworth patents first electronic television

  3. Early TV broadcasting: 1940s • 1941: ten stations on VHF band • 108 stations by 1948 (major cities only) • FCC concerned about frequency allocation • FCC FREEZE on new licenses 1948-1952 • Freeze lifted in 1952: 400 stations apply for and are granted licenses

  4. SINGLE SPONSORSHIP • Early TV programs usually conceived, produced and supported by one sponsor • Shows were extended advertisements • Sponsors, not networks, had total control over content

  5. How networks gained control of programming • Increased program length (raised production costs for sponsors) • New concept of “magazine” programming, with sales of spot ads • Introduction of “Spectaculars” (TV specials) with multiple sponsors • Quiz Show Scandal (1958-1959)

  6. NETWORK ERA of Television:1950s-1970sNBC, CBS, ABC

  7. Changes in TV industry (late 1950s) • Networks moved entertainment divisions to Hollywood • Network news operations (information divisions) remained in New York

  8. TV’S INFORMATION CULTURE • Nightly news began in 1948 (Camel News Caravan, NBC) • modeled after radio news • primarily averbal reportby an authoritative male anchorperson • imagesprovided support • 15-minute format

  9. TV’s ENTERTAINMENT CULTURE: THE GOLDEN AGE OF TELEVISION • Situation/domestic comedy • Variety shows/sketches • Anthology dramas • Episodic drama series • Continuing serials

  10. ECONOMICS OF TELEVISION How are programs produced and distributed?

  11. Prime-Time Production • Programs created by film studios and independent production companies • Programs licensed to networks for a licensing fee (for 2 airings) • Networks sell ad slots to advertisers • Production companies lose money on network airing, but recoup it in syndication (deficit financing)

  12. DISTRIBUTION of TV Shows • Networks send national programming to affiliate stations • Each network has 150-200 affiliates • Network ownership of affiliates (O&O’s) was limited by FCC • Local affiliates sell local ad time • Affiliates have local control and choice

  13. SYNDICATION of TV Programs • Local TV stations and cable firms can buy syndicated programs • They acquire exclusive local market rights for specific length of time • Syndicated programs dominate hours outside prime time (fringe time)

  14. Types of Syndication • Off-network • First-run • Hybrid

  15. DECLINE of the NETWORK ERA • TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES • GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS • DEVELOPMENT OF NEW NETWORKS

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