AP Last Minute

1. AP Last Minute

2. What is the major theme of AP Bio? • Structure _____________ function!

3. What are the 4 major MACROmolecules? • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins

4. Which Macromolecule is this? • Carbohydrate • #1 go to source for energy

5. Which Macromolecule is this? • Lipid • Phospholipids & lipid hormones • Have unique interactions with water • Best at storing energy b/c they can get really large

6. Which Macromolecule is this? • Store genetic information

7. Which Macromolecule is this? • Based on the genetic code • Can serve as hormones, motor proteins, and enzymes (to name a few)

8. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do?

9. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do? Smooth ER

10. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do? Rough ER

11. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do? Golgi Bodies

12. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do? Ribosome

13. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do? Vacuole

14. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do? Lysosome

15. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do? Nucleus

16. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do? Chloroplast

17. Parts of the Cell and Functions • What does this do? Mitochondria

18. Cell Signaling

19. Chi Squared!!! * If the Χ 2 is smaller than the critical value for the indicated degrees of freedom, then we FAIL TO REJECT the null hypothesis. *If the Χ 2 is larger than the critical value for the indicated degrees of freedom (# classes-1),then we • REJECT the null hypothesis and something is going on to cause this.

21. Equation for Photosynthesis • _______+______  _______+_________

22. What happens to Chlorophyll when struck with sunlight? http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/ltrxn.html

23. What does water provide?

24. What do the electrons do?

25. What is NADPH?

26. What happens in the Calvin Cycle?

27. Does it need light? http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/calvin.html

28. Equation for Respiration • _______+______  _______+_________ • C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O (+ energy for the cell to use for other things).

29. Which step makes the most ATP?

30. Without Oxygen, what happens?

31. Where does Respiration occur?

32. What get removed from the sugar? http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html

33. What does the ETC do? http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html

34. What enzyme actually makes the ATP? http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html

35. What theory could explain why both chloroplasts and mitochondria have two membranes?

36. If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous(Ss) for the sickle-cell gene? • This is a classic data set on wing coloration in the scarlet tiger moth (Panaxiadominula). Coloration in this species had been previously shown to behave as a single-locus, two-allele system with incomplete dominance. Data for 1612 individuals are given below: • White-spotted (AA) =1469 Intermediate (Aa) = 138 Little spotting (aa) =5 • Calculate the following frequencies: (f)A = (f)a = (f)AA = (f)Aa= (f)aa= 

37. For in-state @ Clemson roughly 800$ per credit hour (give or take) This means for non-bio majors= $6,400!!! For Bio majors= $8,000!!!

38. Which is Metaphase of Mitosis and which is Metaphase I of Meiosis?

39. Punnett Square • The Punnett square is a useful diagram for determining gene combinations.

40. Punnett Square • Organisms that have two identical alleles for a trait are called homozygous.(TT or tt) Purebred • Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait are called heterozygous (Tt) Hybrid • Phenotype is the physical characteristic of a trait (Tall or short) • Genotype is the genetic makeup (TT, Tt, or tt)

41. Dihybrid Cross • This is a cross between two individuals for two different traits. Typically resulting in a 9:3:3:1 ratio of traits. http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dihybrid/dihybrid.html

42. Testcross (cross with homo. Recessive) to determine unknown parent genotype

43. Gene Linkage • Recombinants (lowest numbers of offspring) divided by total offspring • Multiply by 100 to get map distance

44. Other Genetic Aspects • Not everything is as easy as Dominant and recessive. • Incomplete dominance: cases in which one allele is NOT completely dominant over another allele. • Codominance: cases where both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the organism. • Multiple alleles: genes that have more than two alleles. • Polygenic traits: traits controlled by two or more genes.

45. What are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids called?

46. Which base pair is requires more energy to break apart?

47. Replication Process • Step 1: ________, a special enzyme, unzips a strand of DNA by breaking H-bonds between the N-bases. • Step 2: a primer is placed onto each strand by ___________to give the building enzymes a starting point. • Step 3: the building enzyme called _____________ fills in the two strands with free nucleotides. • Step 4: after some modification by DNA polymerase and other enzymes, a final enzyme called _________‘glues’ the strands together. http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna _replication/index.html http://207.207.4.198/pub/flash/24/menu.swf

48. Which is Correct Replication?

49. Central Dogma in Biology • Process? Where? • Process? Where? • Process? Where?

50. Quick Practice • DNA strand • TACGGCAAG ATT • mRNA (codons)? • Protein (amino acids)? ***Anticodons of tRNA would just be the complementary RNA N-bases to the mRNA codons.***