1 / 70

ENM 426 Ergonomics

ENM 426 Ergonomics. Resources. IME 3420 Ergonomics and Design Lecture Notes by Professor: Tycho Fredericks, Ph.D., CPE Email: tycho.fredericks@wmich.edu Professor: Anil Kumar, Ph.D. Email: anil.kumar@wmich.edu

meg
Download Presentation

ENM 426 Ergonomics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. ENM 426 Ergonomics

  2. Resources • IME 3420 Ergonomics and Design Lecture Notes by Professor:Tycho Fredericks, Ph.D., CPE Email:tycho.fredericks@wmich.edu Professor: Anil Kumar, Ph.D. Email:anil.kumar@wmich.edu • Kroemer, K.H.E (2001) Ergonomics. How to Design for Ease and Efficiency, Second Ed., Prentice Hall • Pheasant, S., and Haslegrave, C., (2006). Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics, and • the Design of Work, 3rd Ed. Taylor & Francis, 2006 • http://www.isgfrm.com/threads/odtu-ergonomi.20654/ • http://www.csgb.gov.tr/csgbPortal//ShowProperty//WLP%20Repository/per/dosyalar/haberler/haber23

  3. What Makes A Process or Product Ergonomically Designed?

  4. IntroductionErgonomically Designed???

  5. Introduction • We need to ask 3 questions: • 1. WHO ( user) was it designed for? • 2. WHAT task was it designed for? • 3. WHAT environment will it be used in?

  6. WhyErgonomics? • Healthand productivity problems related to the use of products have begun to emerge as man-made products become more complex. • As concerns about productivity, employee job dissatisfaction, and health and safety in the workplace have increased,interest in ergonomics has also increased. • Ex: It is seen that the # of American pilots who died in the training flights during Korean War was more than the pilots who died in the war– the design of cocpit and control arms. . . .

  7. Ergonomics- Definition • The word ‘Ergonomics’ derived from the Greek words: • Ergo (work) and Nomos (law), was first used in 1857 by • Wojciech Jastrzebowski. • ERGONOMICS is defined as the design of the workplace, equipment, machine, tool, product, environment and system, taking into consideration humans physical, physiological, biomechanical and psychological capabilities; and optimizing the effectiveness and productivity of work systems while assuring the safety, health and well-being of the workers. • Ergonomics explores and applies the information associated with human behaviors, skills, limitations and other characteristics • - To provide efficient, safe, comfort and effective use, • - For the best design of tool, machine, system, work and environment.

  8. Historical Development • It started with industrial applications in Europe in the 1950s and the fields of Work Physiology, Biomechanics and Anthropometry were utilized in the design of work processes and workplaces. • In the USA, Human Factors Engineering, Human Factors and Engineering Psychology had been developed through searching solutions for military problems in World War II. • After the 1960s, especially in the USA, researches on ergonomics apart from the field of military began in the computer, automotive and other sectors. • Researches on human-computer interaction had been increased in the 1980s in parallel with the developments in computer technology. • 2000 and later: particularly today’s Ergonomics-Worker Health and Occupational Safety.

  9. The application of ergonomic principles can result in: - Increased productivity - Increased efficiency - Improved health and safety - Increased job satisfaction - Increased work quality - Lower worker turnover - Lower lost time at work - Lower worker’s compensation claims - Less likelihood of OSHA fines IntroductionBenefits of Ergonomics

  10. IntroductionErgonomics and Other Sciences Engineering Sciences Physical Sciences Biological Sciences Social and Behavioral Sciences Anthropology Mechanics Physics Physiology Psychology Chemistry Physical Anthropology Anatomy Statics Biochemistry Group Dynamics Anthropometry Dynamics Physical Energy Stresses Physiological Sciences Industrial Psychology Work Physiology Engineering Psychology Biomechanics ERGONOMICS Sociology Epidemiology Mathematics

  11. Simply put, Ergonomics is: “Fitting the Task to the Individual” Introduction Human Capabilities Task Demands

  12. IntroductionFundamentalErgonomic Model Human Human Capacity Task Demands Task Environment Engineering Controls Accommodate Up to 90% (75%) Yes Yes Eng. Changes Possible No No End Administrative Controls

  13. IntroductionHuman Task-Environment System Characteristics:

  14. Ergonomic Model Engineering Controls Administrative Controls Training Worker selection Work pace/frequency Only reduce exposure. Hazard/risk is still present. Design changes are preferred. • Workstation design/redesign • Tool design • Chair design • Document holder, footrest, etc. Eliminates hazardous/risky conditions and reduce exposures.

  15. Principles of Ergonomics 1. Work in Neutral Posture-Maintain the S-curve of the spine.

  16. MAINTAIN THE S-CURVE OF THE SPINE

  17. MAINTAIN THE S-CURVE OF THE SPINE “C-curve” instead of S shapewill cause strainson the spine.

  18. MAINTAIN THE S-CURVE OF THE SPINE ‘The inverted V-curve’ type postures createa great deal of pressure on the spine.

  19. MAINTAIN THE S-CURVE OF THE SPINE • Different improvements can be followed for impossible cases. The important point is to make your workplace fit to persons.

  20. MAINTAIN THE S-CURVE OF THE SPINE • Continously turns can lead to strains on the spine in this position. If possible, the working point should be changed.

  21. MAINTAIN THE S-CURVE OF THE SPINE • To protect the natural posture, the loading point must be adjusted to the size of the person. Adjustable tables can be used for this.

  22. MAINTAIN THE S-CURVE OF THE SPINE • Even in daily routine work, the S shape of the spine can be maintained by simple basic movements. 22

  23. MAINTAIN THE S-CURVE OF THE SPINE • Otherwise, instant strains can cause an injury on the spine. 23

  24. MAINTAIN THE S-CURVE OF THE SPINE • To give another example, do not place the phone that we use everyday between the neck and shoulder. Using wireless headphones is the best solution.

  25. KEEP ELBOWS AT SIDES AND SHOULDERS RELAXED • The neutral posture for your arms is to keep your elbows at your sides and your shoulders relaxed.  It looks easy, but do you always do it? 25

  26. KEEP WRISTS IN NEUTRAL • Keep the hand in the same plane as the forearm. When using a computer mouse, you will be able to prevent the strains on wrist. 26

  27. KEEP WRISTS IN NEUTRAL • When using a vehicle, it eliminates the strains that the wrists are in the same position as the forearm.

  28. KEEP YOUR NEUTRAL POSTURE Neck aligned Shoulders relaxed Elbows at sides Wrist in neutral S-curve in back 28

  29. Principles of Ergonomics 2. Reduce Excessive Force • The neutral position of the wrists should be maintained, the friction of the shoe should be high and the friction of the cart should be low. • Pulling a heavy cart createsexcessive force. So, the ground must be smooth, the wheels should be reduced the friction sufficiently, the cart should have holding grips.

  30. REDUCE EXCESSIVE FORCE • Lifting materials should have holding grips.

  31. Principles of Ergonomics 3. Keep Everything in Easy Reach.

  32. Keep all materials and tools in working area. • Reduce distances. - Long distances require more muscle effort, control and time. • Normal Working Area/Zone - It contains the area which bounded by the arm under the elbow when roated from the elbow. • Maximum Working Area/Zone - It includeslimited space around the full arm when rotated from the shoulder.

  33. Principles of Ergonomics 4. Work at Proper Heights. • Work equipment to be kept at the elbow height should be preferred for neutral position of wrists. Exceptions: Heavy= Lower than Precision = Above

  34. If the work area is high, we can use a platform to raise the worker. • If the work area is below,we should increase the work area.

  35. Principles of Ergonomics 5. Reduce Excessive Motions

  36. Principles of Ergonomics 6. Minimize Fatigue and Static Load

  37. Principles of Ergonomics 7. Minimize Pressure Points

  38. Principles of Ergonomics 8. Provide Clearance

  39. Principles of Ergonomics 9. Move, Exercise, and Stretch

  40. Principles of Ergonomics 10. Maintain a Comfortable Environment

  41. Basic Idea! • We should puton our Ergonomics Glasses. • We should make design and improvements based on these principles. Ergonomics does not need to be hard!!! Ergonomics should be a part of daily life!!!

  42. IntroductionEffectiveness of an Ergonomics Program • To evaluate the effectiveness, information required • FREQUENCY of injury/illness/cases • Number • Rates • SEVERITY of injuries/illnesses/cases • Lost time

  43. According the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012) 2,976,400Total Recordable Cases of Injuries and Illnesses 905,700Cases Involving Days away from Work 340,900Cases Involving Strains, Sprains, and Tears 177,580Cases Involving Injuries to the Back IntroductionErgonomics by the Numbers Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), www.bls.gov/iif/

  44. Introduction • PROACTIVE ERGONOMICS vs. REACTIVE ERGONOMICS • Proactive ergonomics • - Making changes BEFORE injuries occur • Reactive ergonomics • - Making changes AFTER injuries occur HOW DO WE GET FROM ONE TO ANOTHER?

  45. Introduction Results of Ergonomic Applications • Matching job requirements and worker capabilities • Understand the effects of work on humans and their performance • Predict the potential effects of work • Assess the fitness of the workplace and/or tools • Establish a knowledge base support • Designers • Engineers • Medical personnel

  46. Ergonomic Improvement Applications

More Related