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Contact: ALFREDO IZQUIERDO GONZÁLEZ University of Cádiz

Operational Oceanography as a tool for ICZM in the Andalusian Atlantic coast (Conil): Bottom-up approach. Contact: ALFREDO IZQUIERDO GONZÁLEZ University of Cádiz Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences Av. República Saharaui, s/n 11510-Puerto Real (Cádiz) SPAIN Phone: +34 956 01 6753

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Contact: ALFREDO IZQUIERDO GONZÁLEZ University of Cádiz

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  1. Operational Oceanography as a tool for ICZM in the Andalusian Atlantic coast (Conil): Bottom-up approach Contact: ALFREDO IZQUIERDO GONZÁLEZ University of Cádiz Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences Av. República Saharaui, s/n 11510-Puerto Real (Cádiz) SPAIN Phone: +34 956 01 6753 Fax: +34 956 01 6078 e-mail: alfredo.izquierdo@uca.es

  2. OUTLINES I • 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA • 1.1.1 Landscape features • 1.1.2 Geology • 1.1.3 Morphology of the coast • 1.1.4 Relevant marine physical processes 1.2. Socio-economic aspects • 1.2.1 Population rate • 1.2.2 Major functions of the coastal zone • 1.2.3 Land use • 1.2.4 Assessment of capital at risk

  3. OUTLINES II • 2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION • 2.1. Urban sewage discharges and their management • 2.2. Impacts • 3. SOLUTIONS / MEASURES • 3.1 Strategy • 3.2 Technical measures • 4. EFFECTS AND LESSONS LEARNED • 4.1 Effects related to socio-economic aspects • 4.2 Effects in Andalusia region • 4.3 Conclusions

  4. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA

  5. 1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA • Conil: “a different place in the south European coast” • Vacation town on the Atlantic coast in the southwest of Spain (Andalusia) • Rocky coast and sandy beaches with a wide forest extension • Specially mild climate (in winter it doesn’t get much colder than 15°C )

  6. 1.1.1 Classification • The area of interest has: • slopes and coastal sandbanks more or less stabilized by the vegetation; • rock cliffs, mainly constituted by calcareous rests, commonly known in the zone as oyster stone “piedra ostionera”.

  7. 1.1.2. Geology • The geologic characteristics of Conil coast comprises two different types of beaches : • Beaches to the north of Conil: there the most resistant materials have been exposed to the action of the sea, originating multiple coves and cliffs. • Beaches to the south of Conil: where the sea has acted on soft and horizontal materials, generating wide beaches with big sand accumulations.

  8. High Beach Low Beach Dunes Storm line Spring tide Neap tide 1.1.3.Morphology of the coast • In the beaches of Conil can be distinguished the typical structure of beaches: • The part of the beach which always remains under the water • Low beach covered by the water during the high tide but uncovered during the low tide ( “walking zone”) • High beach: that spreads up to where the water reaches in thunderstorm moments (“sunshades zone”) • Cliff or dunes zone: constituted by the remobilization of the sand of the beach

  9. CABO ROCHE Fig.1:Statistical analysis with current roses of the currentmeter temporal series (August-October,2004) Y X 1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization: tidal currents • Predominance of the currents in the direction NW-SE, parallel to the coast and to the bathymetry of the zone, intensified towards SE. Tidal currents predominate over other forcings. Fig. 2: Coastal Coordinate System (abscise axis transversal to the coast and ordinates axis longitudinal to the coast) imposed by the own nature of the hydrodynamic in the coastal stripe

  10. 1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:tidal currents • The rotation of the currents, typical characteristic of the tides, presents a semidiurnal period and with clockwise sense, although with a diurnal clear inequality. • The intensities of the current (e.g. full moon on September 28th, 2004) show spring-neap tides. Fig. 3: Roche Cape. Temporal evolution of the current vectors (cm/s) in the coastal coordinates system (ordinates axis is parallel to the coastal line) for August (a), September (b), October (c), November (d) and December (e). Observed hourly series.

  11. Transversal component Longitudinal component Fig.4: Measured current velocity series (black), tidal velocity prediction series (red) and residual series (blue) for the transversal and the longitudinal components of the current. (August-October, 2004) 1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:tidal currents Maximum values of the currents are reached in the longitudinal or parallel axis to the coast.

  12. 1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization:wind field • The most common winds in Conil coast are from E and W directions • The most frequently and energetic is the easterly wind while the westerly wind is associated to storms. • Seasonal character of the wind in the area: • easterly wind (Levante) is predominant from April to November • westerly wind (Poniente) is predominant from December to March Fig. 5: Annual Wind Rose corresponding to the year 2004 of the analysed meteorological data from the Automatic Meteorological Station of Vejer de la Frontera (Emma Reyes, 2005).

  13. 1.1.4.Hydrodinamic characterization: quasi-inertial oscillations • The effect of the easterly winds (Levantes) would generate a net water transport (Ekman) towards the coast • In the coast would take place a water accumulation up and a consequent subsidence of superficial warm water (downwelling) • When the easterly wind intensity decreases or vanishes, the downwelling tends to relax generating quasi-inertial oscillations. Fig.6: Downwelling and quasi-inertial oscillations in Roche Cape. August, 2004 (Emma Reyes, 2005)

  14. 1.2. Socio-economic aspects

  15. 1.2.1. Population rate • The population density of Conil is 223.2 inhab/km2 (in 2005) • Since 1900 the population of Conil grew from 579 inhabitants to 19,417 in 2005 • This population doubles in Summer Season due t tourism. Fig.7: Population evolution in 1900-2005 in Conil. (Spanish Statistic National Institute –INE-.Graphic elaboration by Wikipedia, 2005)

  16. 1.2.2 Major functions of the coastal zone Tourism Fishing and aquaculture Agriculture Urbanization Ports and ships

  17. 1.2.3 Land use Urban areas Camping Agriculture Natural areas Golf course

  18. 1.2.4 Assessment of capital at risk • Tourism: the loss of the blue flag award for the beaches in Conil by the contamination of the bath waters has a direct effect in the tourism, in which hundred of people is involved. • Fishing: the damage of the water quality in the coastal area of Conil by discharges can affect the traditional fishing in which more than 500 families are employed at Conil • Ports: A negative effect in the tourism and in the fishing, principal economic sectors of this locality, culminate in a negative effect in the management and conservation of the industrial and marina port activities.

  19. 2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

  20. X Residual water treatment Station 2.1. Urban sewage discharges and their management • The river Salado is a tidal channel with scarce freshwater flow. Approximately at 1500 m up-stream from its mouth it receives the discharge of the effluent of the sewage treatment station of Conil. Sometimes, apparently randomly, water quality analyses demonstrated the presence of faecal coliforms in concentrations over the guideline standards what forced, by law, to loss the blue flag award to the beach of Conil. Fig. 8: Aerial photograph’s composition of Conil coast.

  21. 2.1. Industrial or sewage discharges and wrong management of the residues The graphs inform us that the spilt of the Sewage Treatment Station is a source of microorganisms to the estuary. During summer, when the population doubles (July and August principally) the flow quality diminishes due to the increase of load received by the Sewage Treatment Station. Fig. 9: Graphics of the wind field (intensity in continuous line and direction with red points) and the concentration of faecal streptococcus, total coliforms and faecal coliforms during July 2005 –left- and August 2005 -right- in Conil. (David Roque Atienza)

  22. 2.1. Industrial or sewage discharges and wrong management of the residues Taking into account the wind direction high concentrations of microorganisms were found during easterly wind periods (Ekman transport: the sea was returning the contaminated water to the coast) and otherwise low concentrations were found during westerly wind periods. Concerning the time of the sample-taking procedure the results were also different because the processes of dilution and other environmental factors as the salinity and the solar radiation. Fig. 10: Graphics of the wind field (intensity in continuous line and direction with red points) and the concentration of faecal streptococcus, total coliforms and faecal coliforms during easterly wind direction in September 2005 –left- and westerly wind direction in July 2003 -right- in Conil.

  23. 2.1. Industrial or sewage discharges and wrong management of the residues The development of the aquaculture bears a kind of benefits and problematic consequences: • Benefits: • Larger surface • Larger volume • Energy saving • Restructuring of the sector • Disadvantages: • Environment condition • Accidents (escapes and breakages) Fig. 12: Location of the off-shore aquaculture installation in Conil (left) and one of the aquaculture cages used in this installations (right). (Jaime Andrés Castro)

  24. 2.2. Impacts • The major impact of the discharge and wrong management of the residues is the loss of the “blue flag” award of the beaches due the contamination of the bath water • Conil economy depends basically on tourism, and mainly summer tourism. • The beaches quality losses are the main worry for all the stakeholders involved. Fig. 13: Photos of the principal beaches, which have lost the award “blue flag” . (Antonio González Ureba)

  25. 3. SOLUTIONS / MEASURES

  26. 3.1 Strategy • AGENDA 21 • Section II: • “Conservation and management of the resources for the • development” • Chapter 17: • “Protection of the oceans and seas (included semienclosed seas), coastal zones and protection, rational use and development of their natural resources” • “The use and rational development of the coastal areas, of the seas and the marine resources require the capacity to determine the present state of these systems and to forecast their future conditions”

  27. Operational Oceanography Development: Bottom-up approach. Local level National level International Networks 3.2 Technical measures OPERATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY SYSTEM IMPLEMENTING IN THE ANDALUSIAN ATLANTIC COAST “An activity to understand the measures and modeling facts in the oceans, seas and atmosphere, their diffusion and interpretation, everything in a routine way”. • To give a continuous forecast of the sea future conditions with the possible biggest beforehand. • To give the most precise description, from the users point of view, of the sea current state, including the natural resources. • To collect climatic data that will give the necessary information to describe last states and to elaborate temporal series that show the tendencies and changes.

  28. 4. EFFECTS AND LESSONS LEARNED

  29. High risk area of accidental marine spill 4.1 Effects related to socio-economic aspects • Socio-economic aspects benefited by the application of the operational oceanography: • Contamination and healthiness of coastal waters. • Accidental Marine Spill • Coastal zone tourism and recreation. • - Removal of sediments and coastal erosion. • - Global warming and the sea level increase. • - Conservation of coastal ecosystems. • - Achievement of Hydrotechnique works. • - Exploitation of natural resources and marine minerals. • - Forecast and alarm of extreme coastal events, including tsunamis. -

  30. 4.2 Effects in Andalusia region Up-to-day situation of the operational oceanography in Andalusia: What have we just implemented in the andalusian region? • An adapted model in pre-operative state • The training human resources What is it lacking? • The creation of an operative service • The improvement of the oceanographic measurement network. • The necessity of an investment

  31. 4.3 Conclusions • The operational oceanography is an effective instrument for the management of numerous problems related with the coastal zones as a whole • Necessities: • Methodology "top-down“ from the technological point of view • “Bottom-up" approach: from the point of view of the sustainability of the operational oceanography system. • Previous research and technology development: what product can we offer? and how can we prove their advantages ? • Appropriate training of the human resources • Meetings and exchange forums are indispensable with the participation of all the prominent actors in the coastal area.

  32. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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