Technology , Innovation and Sustainable P roduction

Technology,InnovationandSustainableProduction Course of presentation And Introductiveconcepts Teachers: Maria Claudia Lucchetti (mariaclaudia.lucchetti@uniroma3.it) and Roberto Merli (roberto.merli@uniroma3.it) LCtexpert: Gabriella Arcese (practice) (gabriella.arcese@uniroma3.it) Tutor: Chiara Montauti (chiara.montauti@uniroma3.it)

The sustainabledevelopmentconcept Globalization has important impacts on the environment, that has to be considered in order to achieve sustainable development. The overriding concern is that the current economic structure, based on the increasing depletion of natural resources and ecosystems, would result in exceeding the "carrying capacity" of the planet and destroys the foundations of natural biodiversity. The continuing growth of world population translates into a risk. To eradicate poverty, social and economic instability growth is increasingly necessary.

The sustainabledevelopmentconcept Some facts: • 2.8 billion people (about half of world population) live on less than $ 2 per day, • 1.2 billion (a fifth) with less than $ 1 a day. • 2 billion people , most of whom live in rural areas of developing countries, without adequate access to modern sanitation and energy, and have no infrastructure.

What’s sustainable development? Brundtland “development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs” makes clear the connection between economy, development and environment. The environment is the interaction between energy, transport, infrastructure, agricultural policies, trade and development, requiring long-term considerations and needs of future generations

Environment Scientificdefinition: a set of physical, chemical and biologicalconditions, the environment on life takesplace Economic definition: a set of originating natural resources - not created by human-

Natural recources Renewable their quantity is variable and could be increased if the level of sampling is less than the capacity to regenerate Nonrenewable their use reduces the existing stock in any case

Main causes of pollution Populationgrowth Urbanization Increasing and concentration of the industrial development Development in the transportation and in the agricultureactivities

Pollution is… variation in the compositionof air, soil and water caused by the emission of pollutants from chemical and physicalorigin

Environmental problems… DispersionofToxicSubstances Water Pollution & Water Resources OzoneLayerDepletion Waste Air Pollution Climate Change UrbanEnvironmentalProblems Loss of Biodiversity Marine Environment & CoastalZones Resource Depletion

Emergence of environmental problems Maslow’s pyramid of needs N E E D S

Environmental Policy Global conferences on the environment: • - Stockholm – 1972 • Rio – 1992 • Kyoto – 1997 • Johannesburg – 2002 • Copenaghen -2012

…’70 years Gradual internationalization of the debate regarding the issue of relations between environment and development. Increasing the perception of environmentalissues: focusing on large pointsources of concentratedpollution (industrial plants, powerplants, pollution) Increasing the scientific knowledge of the environment

Report "The Limits to Growth" Published for the Club of Rome from MIT (Massachussets Institute of technology) ResourceDepletion Pollution Limits to Growth Management of environmentalriscks Management ofresources New technologies and energy efficiency Environmental costs

Stockholm Conference (1972) First summit ONU on “HUMAN ENVIRONMENT” Pollution: Acid rain World Hunger Marine Environment & CoastalZones Third World devolepment Establishment UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)

Rio Conference (1992) Earth Summit, the second summit ONU about “environment and development” 183 countries The comparison among industrialized countries (which have reached the carrying capacity of their ecosystem) and the countries of the South, underdeveloped or developing ( opposed to take responsibility for the environment, if not after compensatory measures, programs such as Economic Assistance

Rio Conference (1992) Results: • Climate convention: CO2 emission • Biodiversity convention: preservation of the genetic heritage of animals and plants • Statement of Forest: The Convention has been impeded by the supporters of tropical forests of most countries • Statement of Rio: 27 principles of integrating environmental and development • Local Agenda 21: global action plan that identifies the characteristics of sustainable development and the means to achieve

Local Agenda 21 Collection of intentions to initiate sustainable development policies through consensus of the entire civil society (population, institutions, businesses, etc..) at national, regional and sub-regional level. Local actors must become active partners in decision-making processes, concerning their own territory, governance (voluntary choices shared "bottom-up) and partnerships (subsidiaries selected and implemented by all players on the territory). Multisectoral action program (4 sections - the socio-economic, conservation and management of resources for development, strengthening the role of social forces, implementation tools - and 40 chapters) is owned by the governments in the twenty-first century.

Eco development “Term coined at the Stockholm Conference and logical antecedent of "sustainable development." Suffix "eco" stands for "ecological" and "economic": A weld between economy and ecology. The transition from "Ecosviluppo" to "sustainable development" has sanctioned the movement from local to global level, environmental problems, caused by development, have an impact not only on the territory in question, but invest the whole planet, requiring a comprehensive approach to resolving them.

JOHANNESBURG Conference (2002) RECOGNIZING THAT THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY, CHANGE OF STYLES OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, AND THE PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ARE THE OBJECTIVES AND BASIC CONDITIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL EQUALITY OTHER IMPORTANT CONCEPTS for definitions of sustainable development are: SOCIAL fairness within generations, within a single community; GENERATIONS respect to future generations. UNCERTAINTY AND IRREVERSIBLE. OFTEN THE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS. It appears as extremely complex, giving rise POSITIONS MUCH difference between scientists or between countries

SBD: sustainable business development STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR INTEGRATING BUSINESS ENTERPRISES, CREATING INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS SBD Taking a comprehensive perspective of the corporation and its business environment, that includes direct relationship between suppliers, distributors, customers partners, employees and shareholders, and indirect linkages between stakeholders, competitors relate industries and natural environment (eco-system)

SBD: sustainable business development UN International community SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABILITY UN conference about environment and development (RIO EARTH SUMMIT) Involves articulating integrating achieving social, economic and environmental objectives and initiatives to protect humankind and natural world

Sbd & Agenda 21 It is an holistic management construction, that includes the entire value system from the origins of the raw materials to production processes and customer applications to end-of-life solutions (EoL). Corporate today faces the daunting challenges of achieving superior performance, as well as, meeting the expectations of the social, economic and environmental dimensions articled in agenda 21.

customers suppliers stakeholders NETWORKS OF (relationship with…) Handling wastes, residuals and impacts Support service providers

Sustainable production Sustainable production and consumption involves business, government, communities and households, contributing to environmental quality through the efficient production and the use of natural resources, the minimization of wastes, and the optimization of products and services." Edwin G. Falkman, Waste Management International. Sustainable Production and Consumption: A Business Perspective. WBCSD, n.d.

What does SBD do? Through the management concepts of enterprise management and life cycle thinking (Lct)… KINDS OF OUTCOMES RESULT FROM PROFOUND CHANGES IN STRATEGIC THINKING, LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESSES. Some of which include: Enterprise thinking Visionary leadership Strategic thinking Products and technological innovation

Sustainable economics conditions • Technological progress: It is expected that the production per unit of pollutant (or inputs) continuously and steadily grows. • Guidelines and directing investments towards technologies, that reduce the intensity of use of natural capital and increase efficiency (the so-called green technology). • Reinvestment of ecological efficiency to increase the incomes obtained.

A Brief History Of Environmental Management BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE SBD has its roots in the environmental management, the concepts of pollution prevention and the waste minimization. - The increasing of the number of environmental laws and regulations, environmental management has evolved since the mid- 1970’s from dealing with the compliance issues and waste problems to sophisticated management systems focusing on external drivers and internal capabilities.

…continue The maturation process has been difficult for how corporations learned to respond to the ever changing land scope of laws, regulations and directives. More corporations focused on market and economic considerations and paid little attention to the broader social and environmental concerns.

…in brief… 1970’s: laws and regulations 1980’s: growth and learning in CANADA, JAPAN, US and WESTERN EUROPE. i.e. US emergency planning and community right-to-know ACT (1986) Forced to desclose informations about their operations and waste streams, which they have generated. 1980-1990’s: all people were involved in reducing pollution.

P2 & EMSs P2 program consisted in 2 items: • Prevention • Reduction i.e. waste management The second generation of environmental management focuses on creating environmental management system (EMSs)

EMSs Focus on: Pollution reduction at the souce Reuse Recycling Proper disposal of residuals and waste

…1990’s ISO development the ISO 14000 Framework and guidance for EMS, audit, labelling, environmental performance, evaluation and LCA.

Technology , Innovation and Sustainable P roduction