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Forum Reichenau 2012 Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture

Forum Reichenau 2012 Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture. HANS-BERNHARD WEISSERTH Head of the ESDC. Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture. Cold War. 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO 1950 - European Defence Community

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Forum Reichenau 2012 Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture

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  1. Forum Reichenau 2012 Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture HANS-BERNHARD WEISSERTH Head of the ESDC

  2. Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture Cold War • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - more discussions on European security • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2004 - European Defence Agency • 2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty /provisions made include: • Permanent President of the European Council • HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”) • Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum • Mutual Assistance Clause • Permanent Structured Co-operation • Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2004 - European Security Strategy • 2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty /provisions made include: • Permanent President of the European Council • HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”) • Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum • Mutual Assistance Clause • Permanent Structured Co-operation • Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation

  3. Example of an European Career Cold War 1973/76 start of military career / study at the Bundeswehr University 1976/84 platoon leader / company commander armoured infantry 1984/86 General Staff Course Führungsakademie Hamburg 1986/88 G3 OP 10th Tank Division (southern Germany) 1988/90 General Staff Course NL War College in The Hague 1990/92 G3 Infantry / German Army Office (long-term development) 1993/96 WEU Planning Staff 1996/98 Assistant German Military Representative to NATO/WEU/EU 1998/99 MoD Bonn/Berlin – Desk Officer - European Operational Issues 1999/2009 – Policy Unit of the HR SOLANA – ESDP Task Force 2003 – part of HR working group for the elaboration of the ESS 2005 responsible for CSDP training / development and running of ESDC 2009 member of the EEAS / CMPD and Head of the ESDC • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - more discussions on European security • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2004 - European Defence Agency • 2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty /provisions made include: • Permanent President of the European Council • HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”) • Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum • Mutual Assistance Clause • Permanent Structured Co-operation • Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2004 - European Defence Agency • 2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty /provisions made include: • Permanent President of the European Council • HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”) • Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum • Mutual Assistance Clause • Permanent Structured Co-operation • Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation

  4. Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture Cold War • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - more discussions on European security • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2004 - European Defence Agency • 2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty /provisions made include: • Permanent President of the European Council • HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”) • Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum • Mutual Assistance Clause • Permanent Structured Co-operation • Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation

  5. Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture Cold War Cold War • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - more discussions on European security • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2004 - European Defence Agency • 2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty /provisions made include: • Permanent President of the European Council • HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”) • Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum • Mutual Assistance Clause • Permanent Structured Co-operation • Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions) WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation

  6. Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - more discussions on European security • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2004 - European Defence Agency • 2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty /provisions made include: • Permanent President of the European Council • HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”) • Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum • Mutual Assistance Clause • Permanent Structured Co-operation • Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2004 - European Security Strategy Cold War Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation

  7. Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - more discussions on European security • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative/Policy Unit / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2004 - European Defence Agency • 2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty /provisions made include: • Permanent President of the European Council • HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”) • Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum • Mutual Assistance Clause • Permanent Structured Co-operation • Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) • 1948 - Brussels Treaty - WEU • 1949 - Washington Treaty - NATO • 1950 - European Defence Community • 1954 - … rejected by FR National Assembly • 1954 - modified Brussels Treaty (GE / IT) • 1970 - European Policy Co-ordination • the 80‘s - ‘EUROGROUPS’ in NATO • 1990 - Maastricht Treaty (long-term objective: Common European Defence) • 1992 - Petersberg / Revitalisation of WEU • 1996 - NATO Berlin / Brussels - ESDI • 1997 - Amsterdam Treaty (High Representative / Petersberg Missions) • 1998 - FR / UK Summit in St. Malo • 1999 – CFSP/CSDP development under the EU / J. Solana takes office • 2003 - Nice Treaty / enhanced role of PSC / integrating the WEU’s crisis management tasks into the EU • 2003 - European Security Strategy • 2009 - (December) Lisbon Treaty /provisions made include: • Permanent President of the European Council • HR of the Union for the CFSP supported by the EEAS (“EU Foreign Minister”) • Wider CSDP Mission Spectrum • Mutual Assistance Clause • Permanent Structured Co-operation • Solidarity Clause (relates to the prevention of terrorist threats) Cold War Cold War WEU EU Amsterdam Treaty Implementation EU Lisbon Treaty Implementation

  8. Lisbon Treaty Changes to Internal Structures in the field of CFSP/CSDP European Commission Commissioner for External Relations (Ferrero-Waldner) High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice-President of the European Commission (HR/VP) (Ashton) Secretary General /High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (Solana) DG RELEX Policy Unit DG E Situation Centre Country / Regional Country / Regional Country / Regional EUMS Thematic Thematic Commission Delegations …. Crisis Management and Planning Directorate (CMPD) Thematic Crisis Room Ops Centre European External Action Service (EEAS) Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC) Geographical desks covering all countries in the world Thematic desks covering inter alia human rights, gender, non- Proliferation issues, Relations with UN etc CMPD - Crisis Management and Planning Directorate SITCEN / CRISIS ROOM EUMS – EU Military Staff CPCC - Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability The Unions delegations Administration Hans-Bernhard Weisserth, ESDC

  9. European External Action Service - EEAS- illustration of the structure -

  10. ESDC - Objectives • enhance the European security culture within the CSDP • to promote a better understanding of CSDP as part of the CFSP among civilian and military personnel • to provide EU instances and Member States with knowledgeable people familiar with EU policies, institutions and procedures and able to work efficiently on all CSDP matters • help to promote professional relations and contacts among training participants

  11. Current characteristics of a European security culture • Petersberg Tasks • protection of human rights and the promotion of law • humanitarian agenda (most missions) • civil-military co-operation • comprehensive approach (Diplomacy, Development, Defence/Security)

  12. High-Ranking Staff and Decision-Makers CSDP High-Level Seminar Senior Staff Level CSDP High-Level Course ESDP Training deliveredbyMember States (for nationalsonly, open to participation of othernationals) ESDC Training Concept Training AudiencesESDC Training Activities Alumni Seminars Specialist and Expert Level Joint Civil and military participation ESDP Courses for Specialised Staff and Experts Courses for i.a. PPI Staff, LEGAD, POLAD, SSR and others General (mid rank) Working Level OC open to International Audiences OC for National Audiences ESDP Orientation Courses / Common CSDP Modules OC-type course with focus on thematic, regional or horizontal issues IDL Support Training material and IDL system support for all training levels, organised and co-ordinated through the ESDC

  13. Current ESDC Training Activities Courses providing an overview on the CSDP in a wider CFSP context Basic training activities • CSDP High Level Course (annual course with 4 modules) • CSDP Orientation Course (4-5 courses per year/~ one week) Specialised training activities • CSDP Course for PPI staff (1 to 2 courses per year/2 days) • CSDP and Africa (3 days) • CSDP High Level Seminar (2 days) • Common CSDP Module (one week/ “European Initiative inspired by Erasmus”) • CSDP Train-the-trainer Seminar (2 days) • EU Basic Course on Security Sector Reform (3 days) • EU Core Course on Security Sector Reform (10 days) • CSDP Mission Planning Procedures Course (3 days / two courses per year) • Course on EU Capability Development (3 days) • CMCO – Civil Military Co-ordination in CSDP Missions and Operations (10 days) • International Law for EU Military Legal Advisor (annual course with 3 modules) • Peace Building Course (Pilot Project September 2010) • Course on Non-Proliferation for senior officials • Civilian Crisis Management Course • Advanced Course for Senior Political Advisors working in the wider context of CSDP • Training of Trainers for EU SSR in Support of Training for the EU SSR Pool of Experts • Comprehensive Approach to Gender in Missions and Operations New Projects • CSDP Senior Mission Leader Course (2 weeks) • European Armaments Co-operation Training (Awareness Course and Experts Course) Other ESDC activities • Annual Networking Conference on Training in the field of CSDP • Alumni Events (former course participants) Regional focus Press, Public Information Security Sector Reform Mission Planning Capability Development Civ-Mil Co-ordination LEGAD POLAD Civilian Crisis Management Peace Building Non-proliferation Gender and Human Rights Leadership training European Armaments Co-operation

  14. Executive Academic Boardlist of training actors involved in ESDC activities (spring 2012) Civilian institutes/actors Defence institutes/actors

  15. overall guidance and co-ordination • representatives of the Member States • convenes in Brussels Steering Committee • implements training • ensures quality and coherence of training • representatives of the network institutes Executive Academic Board (EAB) • runs the network • assists the Steering Committee and the EAB • supports conduct of training activities • supports conceptual work Permanent Secretariat (currently within EEAS/CMPD) Three-tier Structure established for the functioning of the ESDCas a network college

  16. Co-operation between the Executive Academic Board and the EU Crisis Management Structures EAB Curricula Review and Revision (early spring) EAB Programming next Academic Year (before summer break) EAB Yearly Basic Evaluation (autumn) ESDC Network Institutes And ESDC Secretariat Conduct of Training And Evaluation (permanent) EU Crisis Management Structures New policies and concepts Lessons learnt from missions and operations

  17. overall guidance and co-ordination • representatives of the Member States • convenes in Brussels Steering Committee • implements training • ensures quality and coherence of training • representatives of the network institutes Executive Academic Board (EAB) • runs the network • assists the Steering Committee and the EAB • supports conduct of training activities • supports conceptual work Permanent Secretariat (currently within EEAS/CMPD) Three-tier Structure established for the functioning of the ESDCas a network college Security Sector Report (EU Pool of SSR Experts) Project-orientated configurations of the Board Implementation Group « Erasmus Militaire » Internet-Based Distance Learning (IDL) System

  18. implements training • ensures quality and coherence of training • representatives of the network institutes Executive Academic Board (EAB) EAB / Implementation Group “Erasmus Militaire” In order to support the European Initiative for the Exchange of Young Officers inspired by Erasmus, the Implementation Group (IG) has been established as a specific configuration of the Executive Academic Board Measures at European and national level to enhance the exchanges during the basic training of young European officers, i.a. information on exchange opportunities, stocktaking report, compendium and newsletter – future: development of an IT platform common modules on CSDP and international issues recognition of training done at institutes of other Member States Security Sector Report (EU Pool of SSR Experts) Project-orientated configurations of the Board Implementation Group « Erasmus Militaire » Internet-Based Distance Learning (IDL) System

  19. runs the network • assists the Steering Committee and the EAB • Supports conceptual work • supports Brussels-based training activities Permanent Secretariat (closely linked up with EEAS/CMPD) ESDC Secretariat - working relations … closely linked with and / or can rely on ….. National Network Institutes Points of contact Chairpersons EAB Course Directors Faculty members Other support Relevant EU Institutions and Agencies EEAS/CMPD (including offices) Other Services within the EEAS Services within the EP and Commission EU Institute for Security Studies in Paris European Defence Agency EU Satellite Centre External Training Actors GCSP Geneva DCAF Geneva NDC Rome internat. organisations third states institutes

  20. Current Obstacles • still existing national strategic cultures and national defence strategies of soon more than 27 Member States • conflicting interests (e.g. Lybia case) • often lack of political will • lack of confidence • decision making at 27 • still diverging view as regards further defence integration and a future European Common Defence (TEU)

  21. What to do? • stronger commitment to invest in capabilities (civilian and military) • political will to assume more responsibility in the field of security • more and closer co-operation and integration in defence field • with different speed

  22. Forum Reichenau 2012 Towards a Common European Security and Defence Culture HANS-BERNHARD WEISSERTH Head of the ESDC

  23. Cold War NATO Strategy to defend Europe Collective Defence

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