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The Human

The Human. Content. Thinking Learning Errors Skill acquisition Mental-models, knowledge importance structural and Functional models Metaphors icons Conceptual Models Cognitive Models Social and Organizational Aspects. Human Major Senses: The central senses:

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The Human

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  1. The Human by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  2. Content • Thinking • Learning • Errors • Skill acquisition • Mental-models, knowledge • importance • structural and Functional models • Metaphors • icons • Conceptual Models • Cognitive Models • Social and Organizational Aspects • Human Major Senses: • The central senses: • 4 stages of human information processing • Visual Perception(VP) • 2 approaches in explaining VP • The capabilities and limitation of visual processing • Reading • Hearing • Others • Memory • 3 types by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  3. Human Major Senses: “human information processing” • Vision • Hearing • Touch • Taste • Smell by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  4. The central senses: • Vision • Hearing • Touch by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  5. 4 stages of human information processing • Encoding • Comparison • Response selection • Response execution plus • The processes of attention and memory by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  6. The perceptual system • The mental apparatus that translates sensations of the physical world as detected by the body’s sensory system into internal representations in the mind. by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  7. Visual Perception - use in design of visual interfaces • Perceiving size and depth -visual angle, visual acuity • perceiving brightness - the amount of light emitted by an object • Perceiving colour - hue, intensity and saturation by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  8. 2 approaches in explaining visual perception • The constructivist – perception involves the intervention of representation and memories • The ecological – perception is a direct process, information is simply detected rather than being constructed by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  9. The capabilities and limitation of visual processing • Visual processing involves the transformation and interpretation of image • Our expectation is an important factor in what will be interprated • Eg. Ambiguous shapes, Muller-Lyer, Ponzo, text • Perception - the process of becoming aware of objects • representation - appearance of things by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  10. How do you interpret figure a and b? b a by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  11. Reading • Steps of reading: 1) visual pattern perceived 2) decoded to an internal representation 3) syntactic and semantic analysis • Eye, jerky movements (saccades), fixation (during which perception occurs) • Adults read 250 word/minute • Words are recognize as quickly as a single character • Capitalizing words will effect speed and accuracy by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  12. RED BLACK YELLOW BLUE RED GREEN YELLOW BLACK BLUE BLACK RED YELLOW GREEN BLUE GREEN ZYP QLEKF SUWRG XCIDB WOPR ZYP QLEKF XCIDB SUWRG WOPR SUWRG ZYP XCIDB QLEKF WOPR by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  13. PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangriaPadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangria PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangria. by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  14. Hearing • The human ear- outer ear (protect and amplify) processing sound • middle ear (vibration occurs and transmit to inner ear) • inner ear (send impulses to the auditory nerves) • We can determine what and where • 20 Hz<Frequency < 15 kHz by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  15. Others • Touch - hot, cold, feeling of action such as picking up a glass, pressing the keys on the keyboard • Important means of feedback • Movement = reaction time + movement time • movement time depends on the physical abilities ( age, fitness) • reaction time (speed of senses) by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  16. Memory • Sensory - iconic, echoic and haptic memory • Short-term -scratch-pad for temporary recall • 35*6 • examples number sequence, chunking, meaning • Long-term - episodic memory (events) • semantic memory (facts, concepts and skills) • remember, forgetting and retrieval by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  17. 3 types of memory • Sensory store – holds information for a very brief period of time (a few tenth of a second) • Short-term memory store - holds limited information for a short period of time (a few seconds) • Permanent long-term memory store - holds information indefinitely by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  18. examples • 2653976208 • 071 242 6378 • HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  19. 347 901 331 7347 89 134 790 133 1734 789 by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  20. Thinking • Reasoning - deductive, inductive and abductive • Problem-Solving by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  21. examples • If the light is on then the day is getting darker • The light is on • Therefore…. • Some people are criminals • Some criminals are murderers by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  22. Statement: If a card has a vowel in one side it has an even number on the other. Which card will you need to pick up to test the statement? 4 E 7 K by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  23. examples There are 8 glasses of water in the kitchen. You need to carry them to the dinner table in the dining room. How would you go about doing the above task? by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  24. Learning • Learning by doing, like driving a car • Computer systems - manual, steps written in such a way that make user feel overloaded • users use prior knowledge to use a new system • Errors • Skill acquisition by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  25. Errors • 2 types: • Mistakes:occur through conscious deliberation • Slips:done unintentionally • A captured error -frequent activity to intended action • description error - action on wrong object • data-driven error - external data interruption of action • associative-activation error - internal thoughts interruption of action • loss of activation error -forgetting something in the middle of action • mode error -being in a state without knowing it by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  26. Skill acquisition • Declarative - facts about the world • Procedural - how we do things • inability to absorb and put into action declarative instruction will lead to problems in learning how to use a system • offer few options so declarative knowledge small • later on can use more complicated systems by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  27. Mental-models, knowledge • Knowledge - analogical, propositional, distributed • network of general knowledge - the schemata • Mental-models - the model people have of themselves, others, the environment and the things with which they interact by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  28. Why mental-models are important? To design interfaces that match user’s mental models >> not easy since actual mental model experiments are difficult to find What is the difference between images and mental models? Analogy of a movie, the frame and the short snippets of a movie by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  29. Structural and Functional models • Structural - describes how devices and systems works • Functional- describes how to use devices and systems by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  30. Metaphors • What are metaphors? Descriptions of an abstract concept in a familiar form • Verbal, Interface metaphors eg. Describing using the save and find files system in a word processor by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  31. Icons • Resemblance- a • Exemplar- b • Symbolic- c • Arbitrary- d a b c d by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  32. Conceptual model • A model of how human understand things around them. Cognitive model • A representation of some aspect of the mind, involving the acquisition of knowledge (understanding, remembering, reasoning, learning) by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  33. Traditional cognitive framework in HCI • Incomplete -individual user performing various tasks at the interface in an inadequate conceptual framework. More practical view of the cognitive framework • The design of real systems for real people to carry out real work activities in real organizational settings. by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  34. 2 approaches in cognitive psychology describing the activity of the brain • Computational approaches – conceptualize the cognitive system in terms of goals, planning and action involve in task performance • Connectionist approaches – simulate behaviour through using programming models by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  35. Distributed cognition • A theory whose goal is to provide an explanation that goes beyond the individual. In distributed cognition“functional systems”is • The collection of actors • Computer systems and technology • The environmental setting by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

  36. Social and OrganizationalAspects • Group commnunications: • face-to-face, multi-party conversations • computer-mediated multi-party communication • constraints such as the images and sound that can be transmitted across the communication line • appearance of users • Organization- paperles, automated office, electronic cottage, global village by Mohamad Nizam Ayub

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