1 / 33

Macro- evolutionary trends

Macro- evolutionary trends. macro- evolutionaire trends zijn lange termijn - patronen in de evolutie van fenotypen. Williston’s law. ‘parts in an organism tend toward reduction in number , with the fewer parts greatly specialized in function ’.

melba
Download Presentation

Macro- evolutionary trends

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Macro-evolutionary trends macro-evolutionaire trends zijn lange termijn-patronen in de evolutie van fenotypen

  2. Williston’slaw ‘parts in an organism tend towardreduction in number, with the fewer parts greatlyspecialized in function’ Samuel Wendell Williston (1852-1918)

  3. Mantisshrimp - Hemisquillacaliforniensis

  4. second maxilla antenule pleopods mandible maxillipeds antenna walking legs first maxilla uropod

  5. Mososaurus

  6. incissors canines molars Horse – Equuscaballus

  7. Acanthostega

  8. Ichthyostega

  9. Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.

  10. Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.

  11. fore arm lengthdecreases leglengthincreases leglengthincreases arm lengthmuchless Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.

  12. Young et al. 2010. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107: 3400-3405.

  13. Dollo’slaw ‘evolutionisirreversible; structures and functions once lost are not regained’ Louis Dollo (1857-1931)

  14. Phasma gigas (macropterous) Extasomapopa (brachypterous) Leprocaulinessp. (apterous) Whiting et al. 2003. Nature 421: 264-267.

  15. Whiting et al. 2003. Nature 421: 264-267.

  16. M2 present/absent Lynx canadensis Lynx lynx Lynx thomasi Lynx pardinus Lynx issiodorensis Lynx rufus otherfelids other carnivores Werdelin 1987. J. Zool. 211: 259-266.

  17. Sigapatellanovazealandica Calyptraeidae Trochitacalyptraeformis Crepidulanorrisiarum Trochitacalyptraeformis Calyptraeaconica Crucibulumradiatum Bostrycapulusaculeatus Collin & Cipraini 2003. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 270: 2551-2555.

  18. Coiled / uncoiled Trochita(coiled) Crepidula(uncoiled) Zegalerus and Sigapatella(coiled) 20-100My Collin & Cipraini 2003. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 270: 2551-2555.

  19. Cope’srule ‘body size of organisms in a particularevolutionarylineage tend to increase’ Edgar DrinkerCope (1840-1897)

  20. Cope’srule • Empiricalevidence

  21. Dinosaurs N=65 species pairs 20 10 Frequency +25.7% 0 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Size increase Hone et al. 2005. J. Evol. Biol. 18: 587-595.

  22. North American fossilmammals, lateCretaceous-latePaleocene N=779 species pairs 200 150 Number of pairs 100 +9.1% 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Change in mass (ln g) Alroy 1998. Science 280: 731-734.

  23. Extantmammals N=3253 species 60 all mammals gradualevolution 50 all mammals 40 30 density 20 Alroy 1998 fossilmammals primates 10 carnivores -10 -8 -6 4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 size difference (%) Monroe & Bokma 2010. J. Evol. Biol. 23: 2017-2021.

  24. Mesozoicbirds log10(femurlength) Age (Mya) Hone et al. 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 618-624.

  25. Hone et al. 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 618-624.

  26. Pygostylia Ornithothoraces Eniantiornithes Ornithuromorpha log10(femurlength) Age (Mya) Hone et al. 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 618-624.

  27. Butler & Goswami 2008. J. Evol. Biol. 21: 1673-1681.

  28. Cope’srule • Empiricalevidence • Explanations • Selection for larger body size

  29. betterprey capture ability betterdefensiveabilities greater reproductive success larger body size increasedhomeostasis increasedheatregulation per unit volume increasedcompetitiveability increased intelligence

  30. 0.25 91 estimates, 23 species 0.2 body size 0.15 frequency 0.1 0.05 0 -1.15 -1 -0.5 0 -0.5 1 1.5 linearselection gradient Kingsolver J.G. & Pfennig D.W. 2004. Evolution 58: 1608-1623.

  31. Cope’srule • Empiricalevidence • Explanations • Selection for larger body size • Passive drift awayfrom a lowerlimit

  32. Distribution of clades after 50 units Cushioningboundary time size size passive system driven system P(increase)>P(decrease)

  33. Cope’srule • Empiricalevidence • Explanations • Selection for larger body size • Passive drift awayfrom a lowerlimit • Psychological artefact

More Related