Assessment and Communication of Chemical Risks

1. Assessment and Communication of Chemical Risks IGOR LINKOV ICF Consulting, Inc., U.S.A Ilinkov@icfconsulting.com NATO 27 March 2002

2. Preparation(Several Years) Execution 1 Day Diagnosed case 3 days First Death Multiple Deaths Anatomy of a Terrorist Attack Terrorist Activities Parallel Response Activities • Threat Planning Identification • Threat Prevention • Early Detection of Event • Impact Mitigation

3. R&D Prior to Sep 11 Agent Monitoring Methods Validation Chem/Bio Foam Decontaminant 2001 Chemical Demilitarization Agent Neutralization System Design/Fabrication Personal Monitor 1990s Military Operations in Urban Terrain Monitoring Labs Design/Fabrication Alternative Agent Destruction Tech Demo/Validation 1980s M-55 Rocket Risk Analysis Historical Focus on Event Detection/ Impact Mitigation Demilitarization 1970s Proprietary Information

4. Conclusion/Message • Risk of terrorism is a public health issue • Threat planning identification and prevention could result in significant decrease in risks • Risk assessment can be used as a tool to prioritize and focus research • Spending restricted to specific issues may not be useful; projects must benefit public health in general • Risk communication and education are among most important areas

5. Overview • Lessons Learned from Chemical Risk Assessment • Acute risks (chemical plants, infrastructure risk) • Chronic risks (contaminated land) • Risk communication and stakeholder involvement • Terrorism: New Challenges • Threat planning identification • Threat reduction • Impact mitigation • Risk communication • Research Priorities • International Aspects

6. Risk Assessment Formulation What can happen (go wrong)? How likely is it? Kaplan & Garrick 1981 What are the consequences? Risk Assessment Formulation Works for Bio/Chem Terrorism

7. Regulation Contract Applications of Risk Assessment:Types of Situations to Which Risk Assessment is Applied Infrastructure Interruption Health & Safety Regulatory Business/ Comemrcial Environmental Individualbehaviour

8. Acute Risks Hazard Identification Event Probability Assessment Risk Quantification Consequence Analysis Toxicity Assessment Risk Characterization Hazard Identification Exposure Assessment Risk Assessment Process Chronic Risks National Research Council, 1983

9. Toxic release to Atmosphere Toxic release to Flare PSV Lifts x Release to Flare V-1 Distribution of numbers of Incidents per Year 30% LT Gas or HC breakthrough 25% Operation upset by high HC y 20% 1-x LT Proportion of Losses 15% Problem PSV fails 10% 1-y 5% Vessel rupture LCV-2 0% LIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Number per Year LAL LAH LCV-1 LIC LAL LAH Risks/Hazard Control Options Scenario Analyses Risk

10. Chronic Persistent Risks • US EPA Superfund Program • established in 1980 to locate, investigate, and clean up the worst contaminated sites in the USA • risk assessment is used to help in deciding how to clean up sites. • Community Advisory Group (CAG) • represents diverse community interests • provides a public forum for community members to present and discuss their needs and concerns related to the Superfund decision-making process • provides local information and assist in making better decisions on how to clean up a site • offers EPA a unique opportunity to hear—and seriously consider— community preferences for site cleanup and remediation.

11. Funding Public Involvement • Technical Assistance Grant (TAG) program, intended to promote public involvement in decisions on site-specific cleanup strategies under Superfund. • An initial grant up to $50,000 is available for community at any Superfund site that is on the EPA's National Priorities List

12. Example 1: Former Mining Site,Vermont • Significant Metal contaminants • Significant impacts to surface water quality • Important historical preservation issues Community: Rural low income community Initial reaction: Leave us alone!

13. Example 2: Lake in Urban Area, Massachusetts • Low-level contamination from Army facilities • Marginal localized impacts to sediment quality Community: Affluent, well educated Initial reaction: You are going to pay for it!

14. Communicating Chronic Risks • Approach to risk communication: • Monthly community meetings • Quarterly newsletters • Annual environmental open house • Results • Developed trust with community • Community acceptance of remedial actions at Site 1 • Advanced risk assessment (including probabilistic assessment) at Site 2 • Conclusion: Risk communication requires time and patience! • Risk education is very important • Involvement of technical experts and broad community representatives

15. Preparation(Several Years) Execution 1 Day Diagnosed case 3 days First Death Multiple Deaths Anatomy of a Terrorist Attack Terrorist Activities Parallel Response Activities • Threat Planning Identification • Threat Prevention • Early Detection of Event • Impact Mitigation

16. Threat Planning Identification • Homeland Municipal Defense Network • pilot study to link existing environmental monitoring network (soil, air, water) with public health/medical networks in a single grid

17. Threat Planning Identification:Internet Civil Defense Network • Concept developed by R. Laporte (University of Pittsburgh) • Trusted Internet networks of friends working together on the outlook for bioterrorism related precursors. Estimated 50,000,000 participants in the USA + + +

18. Threat Planning Identification • Research Need: Simulation of the System Design • What is the level of background noise? • What is the lowest detectable signal? • How to implement Geospatial analyses and time dynamics? • How to optimize network design to reduce false-positive detection rates?

19. Establish Learning Strategy and Manage Change Develop Strategy Strategy Manage Change • Benchmark current reality • Establish boundaries & scope • Define Ambition Driven Strategy • Communicate strategy • Develop implementation plan • Monitor and measure progress Manage Content and Delivery Sources Technologies Styles Outcomes Develop Solutions • Standard • In-house • Customized • Outsourced • Web • Multimedia • Classroom • Hybrid/blend • Self-paced • Instructor-led • Flexible • Courses • Degrees • Certificates Manage Individual and Organizational Performance Learning Management System Student Support ImprovePerformance • Career mapping • Courses • Curriculum • Teaching resources • Performance programs • Learning portals • eLearning and study aids • Online tutors • Learning communities • Local language support Risk Education: E-Learning • e-learning, innovative curricula E-learning approach provides a framework for flexible customized bioterrorism education.

20. Innovative and InteractivePedagogy = user groups = curriculum modules = continuing education exam/evaluation Modes ofDissemination FEMA E-learning Needs Assessment Guided learning Trainer manual Evaluation Curriculum Development Customized for different user Groups Input fromstakeholder agencies Risk Education Example: Curriculum for Agricultural Bioterrorism

21. Threat Prevention(Making it Harder to Implement) • Increased training • helps First Responders to recognize and respond to possible chemical and biological agent attacks. • Tighter control of potential chemical and biological threat materials • both material precursors and active agents are being put in place to reduce availability to potential terrorists. • Change in U.S. medical infrastructure • monitoring, reporting and treatment is being expanded and tested to ensure readiness in preparation for possible future bioterrorism events.

22. Threat Prevention: Examples • Food packaging • Thru-wall sensors • Unmanned Reconnaissance • Individual Protection (Clothing)

23. Early Detection of Event • Detection Technologies originally developed for the U.S. military are being adapted to civilian applications • CBW Detection in the Washington D.C. subway system • Handheld chemical agent detectors are available to first responders • Near-time Biological Detection is rapidly advancing, but is focusing on “Detect to Treat” scenarios, not “Detect to Warn”, due to the delayed impact of the treats. • The first indication of anthrax in the U.S. Senate letters was the medical consequences.

24. Early Detection of Event • Chemical Agent Detectors • Non-Reagent Based Viral Detection Technology • Rapid Detection of Bacteriological Agents Artists Concept of a Portable Virus Detection Device being developed by ADL

25. Impact mitigation • Technologies originally developed to contain Improvised Explosive Devices are being expanded to counter Chemical and Biological dispersion threats • Vaccines to counter potential biological threats are being fast-tracked to ensure a timely response capability • Several decontaminant products are under development to counter civilian chemical and biological warfare agent attacks • ADL CB decontaminant foam • Sandia decontaminant foam

26. Impact mitigation • foam

27. Biological Weapon Production Facilities in the Former Soviet Union

28. Organizations Capable of Producing Bio/Chem Warfare Agents Research Objective: Database Creation?

29. Teacher in Pittsburgh Teacher in Almati Teacher in Kiev Teacher in New York Teacher in Novosibirsk Teacher in Moscow International Risk Education:Use of Internet

30. International Risk Education Example: Supercourse • SUPERCOURSE-collection of lectures on prevention, shared for free by the best faculty in the world. Developed by Dr. LaPorte and the Supercourse team (University of Pittsburgh) URL: www.pitt.edu/~super1 • RUSSIAN SUPERCOURSE, collection of lectures in Russian, designed to target audience in Russia and other countries of former Soviet Union • Current Status • 620 lectures • 5000 faculty members from 120 countries SUPERCOURSE on Terrorism?

31. Conclusion/Message • Risk of terrorism is a public health issue • Threat planning identification and prevention could result in significant decrease in risks • Risk assessment can be used as a tool to prioritize and focus research • Spending restricted to specific issues may not be useful; projects must benefit public health in general • Risk communication and education are among most important areas