1 / 30

Radio Detection

Radio Detection. Ad M. van den Berg Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut University of Groningen. Origin of UHE CR’s (BU). Bottom up Sources Acceleration Power law spectrum GZK mechanism (p+  2.7K → ) suppression hadron flux “standard”  flux. Origin of UHE CR’s (BU).

meli
Download Presentation

Radio Detection

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Radio Detection Ad M. van den Berg Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut University of Groningen AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  2. Origin of UHE CR’s (BU) • Bottom up • Sources • Acceleration • Power law spectrum • GZK mechanism • (p+2.7K → ) • suppression hadron flux • “standard”  flux AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  3. Origin of UHE CR’s (BU) • Charged-particle astronomy • Precise determination • energy, arrival direction, composition • Anisotropies • Details of the flux spectrum > GZK limit • Requires ~ 105-6 km2 sr yr (Linsley) AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  4. Origin of UHE CR’s (TD) • New Physics • Top-Down (e.g. TD) • GZK violation • Origin • composition, energy, (arrival direction) • Any observation will bench mark theory (GUT !) Atmospheric GZK Galactic Protheroe Nucl.Phys. B77 (1999) 465 AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  5. High-energy physics • Interactions • Far beyond ELHC • Neutrino cross section at ECM = 150 TeV (E = 1018 eV) •  flavor • Gpc baseline  • CB •  absorption lines Salsa count rate; Saltzberg, 2005 AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  6. Large volumes (~109 kg sr) • EeV CR ~ 100/(km2 yr 2 sr) = 15/L • Auger Observatory with z < 60o • S 3,000 km2 & E > 1 EeV: 105 / yr • N 10,000 km2 & E > 10 EeV: 6x103 / yr • EeV GZK < 300/(km2 yr 2 sr) = 50/L • Interaction probability ~ 0.2% / km • KM3NeT / Ice3: 1 km3 water;  < 90o • 0.5 event / yr AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  7. Radio detection • Electromagnetic pulse • Long attenuation length in atmosphere and dielectric solids • Coherence if shower front < wave length • Polarization measurement provides extra information (magnetic field strength and direction) • Options for HUGE volumes / arrays AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  8. Techniques • Directional (main stream) • Cherenkov radiation (Askaryan effect) • Geo-synchrotron radiation • Omni-directional (few activities) • Radar • Molecular Bremsstrahlung AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  9. Geosynchrotron radiation • Jelley 1965 • Coincidences between radio receivers and GM counters • Geosynchrotron concept “proven” by Hazen • Review paper by Allan in 1971 • Hazen reports lightning AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  10. Revival in recent years • Set ups • LOPES @ Karlsruhe, DE • CODALEMA @ Nançay, FR • LOIS @ Växjö, SE • Theory • Analytical • Monte-Carlo Huege et al 2006 AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  11. CODALEMA/LOPES events Inclined shower AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  12. Results (E ~ 1016 - 1017 eV) • Proof of principle has been made LOPES CODALEMA AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  13. Beyond 1017 eV • Pierre Auger Observatory Argentina • Operating base line detectors (surface and fluorescence detectors) • Precision measurements • E/E ~ 20%, • Angle: 0.6o (hybrid) 1.4o (surface array) • Composition: xmax and AMIGA enhancement • Low RFI, cf Nançay radio observatory AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  14. Required R&D program • Optimize chain between antenna until data storage • Optimize antenna: dipole (thin, fat, log-periodic, inverted dual-V), tripole • Study and design (self-)trigger and RFI • Operate in autonomous mode • Self-trigger, data handling and transfer • Power budget • Atmospheric conditions AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  15. Aiming at 20 km2 array • Infill array (HEAT/AMIGA) • Threshold ~ 1017 eV • Composition • Angular resolution • Energy calibration • 2008-2009, €€’s • Towards charged-particle astronomy AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  16. Simultaneous projects • EU (physics and test beds) • CODALEMA, LOFAR, LOIS, LOPES • ‘Enhancement’ of IceTop/Ice3 (muon veto) • Perspective • Full range of energy from > 1016 eV • High duty cycle (~100%) • Bolometric measurement • Precise angular resolution (shower front) AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  17. Cherenkov radiation • Jurgen Askarayan (1960’s) • Coherent radio emission of fast moving net charge • Shower length in solids • ~2 m hadronic part (CR) • ~0.5 km em part () • Requires solids with little attenuation of EM radiation At maximum strength narrow emission Cherenkov cone  direction (0.1o !)  solid angle AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  18. Dielectric Materials AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  19. Ice • Greenland & Antarctic • FORTE (2004; satellite) • flux limit: E > 1022 eV; Lehtinen et al, PRD69 (2004) 013008, • RICE (1999-200?; in ice) • flux limit: 1017 < E < 1021; I. Kravchenko, PRD 73 (2006) 082002 • ANITA (2006-200?; balloon flight) • ARIANNA (2007?; on ice proposal) • AURA (annex to Ice3; in ice proposal) AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  20. RICE  (I. Kravchenko 2006) • AGN • PR • M(B) • GZK • ESS • PJ • KKSS • TD • PS • GRB • WB AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  21. Rock salt • US initiative • SalSA (D. Saltzberg) • Accelerator experiments • EU possibilities • EU is largest salt producer • NW Zechstein • SE Romania • Industrial partners (gas) Volume: 10 – 30 km3 Density: 2.2 g/cm3 20 – 60 km3 W.E. AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  22. Lunar regolith • US initiative • GLUE (Goldstone) • EU initiative • NuMoon (Earth-based radio telescopes watching the moon: WSRT, LOFAR, SKA) • LORD (Lunar-orbiting radio detector) • LIFE (Lunar-based low-frequency array) AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  23. NuMoon and LORD • Moon as target • Huge area • 2 x 107 km2; running time < 1 yr • 108 L • Put radio detectors • On Earth • NuMoon collaboration: WSRT, LOFAR, SKA • On/around the Moon (no RFI !) • LIFE (on) • LORD (around) AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  24. Luna Glob & LOFAR AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  25. Exclusion zones SalSA 1 km3 365 d WSRT 0,5 d Bacelar PC LORD h = 250 km 365 d WSRT 20 d LOFAR 30 d SKA LFB 365 d AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  26. Perspective • FP-6 RADCON Radio Detection Techniques for Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos • R&D project for study of Radio Emission from Charged-Particle Showers (Atmosphere) • FP-7 • Radio GeoSynchrotron (RGS) • Radio Cherenkov (RC) AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  27. Proposed JRA • Pulse forming and analysis • Theory vs observation (RC, RGS) • RFI (atmosphere ! ; RGS, NuMoon) • Optimization of • Signals (RC, RGS) • RFI/SNR, Analog / Digital techniques • Power budget (RGS) • Low power radio-quiet electronics, Wireless data • Prototypes → demonstrator (RGS) AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  28. Summary • Rapid development of radio detection • Running systems in FR, DE, NL, SE • New ones to come: Auger, Ice3, LOFAR, LORD, SKA • Exciting developments • The highest energies (GUT), Particle astronomy • Required research • Deeper understanding; Large-area detector • New partners? • Russia, ESA/EADS, industrial partners AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  29. Thanks AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

  30. JRA RADCON • Specific items • Broad-band antennas • Electronics + Buffers • Data handling and transfer • Radio-quiet solar power • Modeling and Observations • 2 M€ for 5 years • 45% MP (~15 py); 50% Cons; 5% travel AMvdB Radio Detection HEAPnet Amsterdam

More Related