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AP European History 1450-2001

Welcome to:. AP European History 1450-2001. We will cover:. I. Intellectual & Cultural History Literature & Art Religion Secualrization Isms Elite vs. popular culture II. Political & Diplomatic History The Modern Nation-State Europe & the wider world Mass politics

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AP European History 1450-2001

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  1. Welcome to: AP European History1450-2001

  2. We will cover: • I. Intellectual & Cultural History • Literature & Art • Religion • Secualrization • Isms • Elite vs. popular culture • II. Political & Diplomatic History • The Modern Nation-State • Europe & the wider world • Mass politics • Reforms & revolutions • III. Social & Economic History • Urbanization • Social classes • Industrialization • Globalization

  3. -The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages, 1300-1450 -European Society in the Age of the Renaissance, 1350-1550 -Reformations and Religious Wars, 1500-1600 -European Exploration and Conquest, 1450-1650 -Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Western Europe (ca 1589-1715) -Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe to 1740 -Toward a New World-view, 1540-1789 -The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century -The Changing Life of the People -The Revolution in Politics, 1775-1815 -The Revolution in Energy and Industry (ca. 1780-1860) -Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815-1850 -Life in the Emerging Urban Society in the Nineteenth Century -The Age of Nationalism, 1850-1914 -The West and the World, 1815-1914 -The Great Break: War and Revolution, 1914-1919 -The Age of Anxiety (ca. 1900-1940) -Dictatorships and the Second World War, 1919-1945 -Cold War Conflicts and Social - Revolution, Rebuilding, and New Challenges: 1985 to the Present In The Following Time Periods:

  4. Time Epochs: Prehistory - before 3500 BC Ancient Age - 3500 BC -500 BC Classical Age - 500 BC - 500 AD Middle Ages - 500 AD - 1500 AD Modern Age - 1500 AD - Now Century labeling 1-99AD= 1st century 100-199= 2nd century… 14th century=1300s 15C = 1400s, etc.

  5. Europe in the Late Middle Agesup to 1450

  6. I. Prelude to Disaster • Little Ice Age- 1300-1450 - Europe colder, wetter, crops ruined • Great Famine- 1315-1322 - disease, higher prices, deaths • Typhoid Fever Outbreak- 1316 • deaths of people, livestock • Results: abandonment of villages, more homeless, widening gap in farming classes • Government Answers ? • France- 1314-1328- no speculation, no export of grain, Jews blamed and punished- hard to enforce • England- Edward II- 1307-1327- Parliament set price controls, no speculation, attempt to import grain- hard to enforce, black market runs rampant

  7. II. THE BLACK DEATH- 1347-1350 • Pathology- boil (bubo) on glands- neck, armpit, thigh, then black splotches, then spit blood, then die • Spread 1331- China 1340s Black Sea (maybe the Mongols brought it), Oct 1347- Messina, then Sicily, then Italy, then Europe • Causes- overcrowding, rats, fleas, poor sanitation, etc. • Care- no cure- bloodletting, strong herbs, noises, homemade medicine, cryptograms (letter & number combinations), religious zeal, flagellants, blame the Jews • Effects- kills 1/3 of Europe’s pop., breakdown of gov’t, church authority, cures overpopulation, inflation

  8. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) • Background: • 1259- Treaty of Paris- English king is French vassal for Aquitaine • 1328- French king dies w/ no heir, Edward III (E) king claims French crown over Philip IV • Flanders- home of wool trade- French duchy, but English wool • War to 1429 • French support Scottish raids into England • Battle of Crecy 1346- English longbows and cannon • Poitiers 1356- French king captured, ransomed • Agincourt 1415- Henry V (E) wins outnumbered 10:1 • End of War • Orleans 1429- Joan of Arc shows up, English withdraw, Charles VII crowned • Joan captured, sold to English, burned @ stake in 1431 • English pressure on king forces him to withdraw- 1453

  9. Consequences • France destroyed, heavy taxes, trade problems, no national assembly • England- breakdown of order, taxes on wool, heavy losses, Parliament gains power • Cannon = nationalism

  10. IV. Church Instability • Babylonian Captivity 1309-1376- Popes live in France- Rome suffers, Popes in luxury • Pope Gregory XI brings court to Rome, dies • Urban VI (1378-1389)- Italian, forces reform • cardinals meet, excommunicate Urban, elect Clement VII who sets up in France • Great Schism- 2 popes until 1417

  11. F. Seeds of the Reformation • Conciliarists- reform with representative assemblies, constitutional monarchy church • Confraternities- groups of laypeople • Imitation of Christ- Thomas Kempis- Christ as example, simple living, Scriptural guidance • Marsiglio of Padua- Defensor Pacis (1324)- • Church subordinate to state, no jurisdiction, no property • Authority in general council of laymen & priests • John Wyclif and the Lollards- 1330-1384 • Only Bible source for belief, read it themselves, church no property, women can preach • Jan Hus- 1369-1415 • Preached in Czech, no indulgences, Lollardry, everyone receives bread & wine @ Eucharist • Hus arrested, tried, burned, nobles rejected decision

  12. G. End of Schism (?) • 1409- Council @ Pisa- of both colleges of cardinals meet, depose both Popes, elect a new one, nobody resigns= threefold schism • Council of Constance-1414-1418- called by German emperor • End schism- depose all 3, pick Martin V • End heresy- kill Hus • Reform church • Martin V (1417-1431) a. Dissolve council, no reform of church practices, concentrates on Italy

  13. V. Popular Revolts • Peasant Revolts • Flanders- 1323- peasants unhappy with French taxes, burn castles- crushed by French army • France- 1358- Jacquerie (unhappy peasants) after plague, famine, taxes revolt, killing nobles- nobles unite, put down revolt • England- 1381- social immobility+ raids from France+ John Ball+ insert problem here= revolt, Wat Tyler & leaders tricked by Richard II, killed, BUT serfdom disappears slowly • Urban Revolts • Florence- 1378- ciompi- propertyless workers • Seville, Barcelona, Lubeck, Brunswick, etc. • Guild-driven unrest • Guilds limit production, some people want to expand production • Some limit membership, journeymen form secret, illegal guilds • Women were slowly excluded as membership became fraternity ad honor-based

  14. VI. Vernacular (national language) Literature • Dante Alighieri- Divine Comedy (1310)- in Italian, about contemporary themes, Hell, Purgatory, Paradise • Giovanni Boccaccio- the Decameron (1353)- People esaping the plague tell stories about real life • Geoffrey Chaucer- Canterbury Tales (1387)- collection of stories told on a pilgrimage- shows regular people and emotions • Rise in lay literacy- regular people can read

  15. VI. Other stuff • Fur-collar crime- knights and nobles rob and extort poor, kidnap rich- no money after 100 yrs war- leads to popularity of Robin Hood • Ethnic tensions • Legal issues- people were subject to laws of where they came • Ireland (owned by UK) are “unfree”- no rights, Statute of Kilkenny (1366) attempt to abolish Irish culture • Same for Slavs, Mudejars, etc. for different countries • Led to emphasis on blood- not language, customs, etc.

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