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Respiration

Respiration. How is energy used?. Respiration is using food to release energy. muscle contraction. maintaining a steady body temperature. building large molecules from smaller ones. the active transport of substances within the body. Types of Respiration.

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Respiration

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  1. Respiration

  2. How is energy used? Respiration is using food to release energy muscle contraction maintaining a steady body temperature building large molecules from smaller ones the active transport of substances within the body

  3. Types of Respiration • Aerobic Respiration – the release of energy from food using oxygen • Anaerobic Respiration- The release of energy from food without using oxygen

  4. Anaerobic respiration • It is also called Fermentation • There is only 1 stage • Two types: • Lactic Acid Fermentation • Alcohol Fermentation

  5. Lactic Acid Fermentation • Lactic acid is produced • Happensin some bacteria and fungi • Example bacteria anaerobically respire in milk and make lactic acid which sours the milk • Happens in animal muscles when there is not enough oxygen example - during exercise. The lactic acid causes cramps!

  6. Alcohol Fermentation • alcohol and carbon dioxide are made • Takes place in Bacteria and some fungi such as yeast Example - Yeast respires anaerobically in bread.... the alcohol evaporates but the carbon dioxide causes the dough to rise • Happens in plants ( if there’s not enough oxygen)

  7. Investigation: To show the production of alcohol by anaerobic respiration in yeast

  8. Testing for presence of alcohol..

  9. Step 6 Filter the contents of each flask into separate boiling tubes.

  10. Step 7 and 8 Add 3 ml potassium iodide to each boiling tube. Add 5 ml sodium hypochlorite to each boiling tube.

  11. Step 8 Add 5 ml sodium hypochlorite to each boiling tube.

  12. Step 9 Place boiling tubes in a water bath at 60°C for 4-5 minutes.

  13. Expected result

  14. Biotechnology Biotechnology is when living cells (or parts of them) are used to manufacture useful products. It is mostly microorganisms or enzymes that are used. Think of some examples

  15. Examples of microorganisms used in bioprocessing • Bacteria can be used to make the lactic acid, which is needed in yoghurt production • In alcohol fermentation yeasts are used to make beer and wine and also carbon dioxide for baking

  16. Industrial Fermentation • The microorganisms are placed in a bioreactor with a suitable substrate on which they can react

  17. Substrate and microorganisms in here A foam breaker to stop the build up of foam Product out here Oxygen is pumped in through a sparger

  18. Industrial fermentation Quality and amount of product depend on: • the quality of the microorganism and substrate, • the design of the bioreactor, • a correct rate of mixing, • a correct temperature and pH • elimination of contaminating microorganisms

  19. Learning Check • What is biotechnology? • What is a bioreactor? • Why is a foam breaker needed? • What is oxygen pumped in through? • Name a few factors that affect quality and amount of product • What types of microorganisms are used in bioprocessing?

  20. Bioprocessing with Immobilised cells • To ensure the microorganisms used in a bioreactor are not lost at the end of every reaction they are often immobilised or fixed • The microorganisms can be immobilisedby bonding them to each other or an inert substance

  21. Immobilised Cells are used in alcohol production • In alcohol fermentation the yeast cells are immobilised by mixing them with sodium alginate and calcium chloride to make beads of material. Alcohol and carbon dioxide Glucose

  22. Advantages of Immobilised Cells • It is a gentle procedure so does not damage cells. Immobilised cells: 2. can be reused 3. can be easily recovered. 4. reduce the need for filtration at the end of bioprocessing

  23. Uses of Immobilised Cells • Immobilised cells are becoming more popular than immobilised enzymes as it saves time isolating and purifying enzymes which is an expensive process!

  24. Equation for Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + energy

  25. Aerobic respiration Aerobic Respiration occurs in 2 stages • Stage 1 • Stage 2

  26. Nuclear membrane Cytoplasm Chromatin Cell membrane Nuclear pore Ribosome Mitochondrion

  27. Stage 1 • Takes place in the cytosol (the part of the cytoplasm without the organelles). • Does not require oxygen • Small amounts of energy released • (This stage happens in both aerobic and an aerobic respiration)

  28. Nuclear membrane Cytoplasm Chromatin Cell membrane Nuclear pore Ribosome Mitochondrion

  29. Stage 2 • Uses oxygen • Large amount of energy released • It occurs in the mitochondria • (This stage only happens in aerobic respiration)

  30. Mitochondria

  31. Differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

  32. Respiration extended study HL

  33. Energy carriers • There are special molecules in our cells, such as ATP that act as energy carriers

  34. ADP and ATP • ADP stands for Adenosine DiPhosphate • ADP is a low energy molecule

  35. ADP and ATP • If another phosphate is added to ADP it forms ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) • Adding a phosphate is called phosphorylation ADP + P+ energy ATP+H2O +H2O

  36. Function of ATP • ATP is rich in energy • The function of ATP is to trap and transfer energy needed for cell activities

  37. ADP and ATP • ATP cannot store energy for very long - it breaks down releasing energy and converting back to ADP • ATP+H2O ADP +P +energy • This energy is used for cellular reactions H2O+

  38. Stage 1 – called Glycolysis • Happens in the cytosol • 6-carbon Glucose is converted to two 3 carbons molecules of pyruvate • A small amount of ATP is MADE • No oxygen is needed

  39. What happens next…. • In anaerobic respiration the pyruvate molecules will be converted to: Lactic acid Or Alcohol and carbon dioxide • In aerobic respiration the pyruvate molecules go through to the second stage in respiration

  40. Stage 2 – Krebs cycle • Stage 2 only happens in aerobic respiration • Each pyruvate enters a mitochondrion • Each Pyruvate is broken down to a a carbon dioxide molecule and a 2-carbon molecule called Acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA for short)

  41. Kreb’s Cycle • The Acetyl CoA enters a series of reactions called Kreb’s cycle • As the acetyl CoA is broken down carbon dioxide and electrons are released. • These electrons are passed along to species which accept the electrons and then pass them along “substrate intermediates” • We say that these electrons are passed along an electron transport chain. As this happens energy is released and is used to make lots of ATP.

  42. Krebs cycle • At the end of the cycle the electrons eventually are accepted by oxygen and this then combines with hydrogen to form water.

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