THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

1. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

2. THE MOBILIZATION OF MINORITIES BR 854-864

3. Seeds of Indian Militancy

4. The Indian Civil Rights Movement

5. Native Americans • In the late 1960s • poorest • least prosperous, • least healthy • least stable minority group in American society • government policy = a return to the assimilation goals of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

6. Termination Policy • the federal government changed its approach to Native Americans by withdrawing all recognition of tribes as legal entities

7. 1961: The Declaration of Indian Purpose • stressed the objective of winning the right to chose their own way of life

8. 1985 : County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian nation • the Supreme Court’s decision raised the possibility that Native Americans might reclaim land lost when the federal government violated old treaties

9. (967) American Indian activists brought attention to their cause in the 1970s by seizing Alcatraz Island and Wounded Knee , South Dakota

10. (967) The major goal successfully pursued by Indian civil rights activists in the 1970s was a recognition of the semi-sovereign status of the various Indian tribes under American law

11. Hispanic-American Activism

12. The bracero program • between the United States and Mexico • involved legally importing Mexican farm workers to the United States

13. In the 1970s and 1980s, Hispanic-Americans from specific countries in Latin American tended to live together in certain parts of the Untied States. Those national groups which were especially large were: • Mexicans living in California • Cubans living in Florida • Puerto Ricans living in New York

14. Cesar Chavez • leader of the United Farm Workers (UFW), • obtained a victory for itinerant workers when some California grape growers singed a contract with the UFW

15. Challenging the “Melting Pot” Ideal

16. In rejecting the concept of the “melting pot,” many minority groups began to argue for: • a “culturally pluralist” society • affirmative action programs • ethnic studies programs

17. Gay Liberation

18. The “Stonewall Riot” in New York City in 1969 was significant because it marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement • (943) The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was the Stonewall Inn (New York City)

19. THE NEW FEMINISM

20. The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan • In her book, The Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan argued for the idea that women who lived the “ideal life” of the suburban housewife were often not fulfilled individuals

21. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was significant to the Women’s movement because it provided federal legislation that was used to attack sexual discrimination

22. National Organization of Women (NOW) • In its early years, the National Organization of Women (NOW) directed its efforts mainly toward assisting women in the workplace • (963) The one major social movement born in the 1960s that retained and gathered momentum in the 1970s and after was the feminist movement

23. Feminists of the 1970s and 1980s • Radical feminists of the 1970s and 1980s advocated • assaulting the male power structure • rejecting the notions of marriage and family • abandoning sex between men and women • During the 1970s and 1980s, the status of women improved in all of the following ways • women began to compete effectively for elective and appointive political offices • women attained considerable new success in academic fields • women gained acceptance in some previously all-male fields

24. 1972 Title IX • (963) Title IX was passed by congress in 1972 to prohibit sex discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity

25. Equal Rights Amendment in 1972 • (966) The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972 and eventually ratified by 35 states, stated the following: • “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex.” • Although Congress approved the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972, the amendment finally died because the time for ratification by the states expired • failed to be ratified by the needed 38 states largely becausean antifeminist backlash led by Phyllis Schlafly stirred sufficient opposition to stop it

26. The Abortion Controversy

27. 1973 Roe v. Wade • The Supreme Court decision in the 1973 case of Roe v. Wade • stated that under the constitutionally guaranteed “right to privacy,” all state laws prohibiting abortion during the “first trimester” of pregnancy were invalid • (966) declared state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional because they violate a woman’s constitutional right to privacy of her own person

28. second wave feminism” • (969) The term “second wave feminism” refers to radical feminists who challenged all forms of gender roles and sexual differentiation • (969) Moderate and radical feminists differed over • marriage • how much to expect from American government and capitalism • pornography • the abolition of all gender differences • (969) Moderate and radical feminists tended to agree on • women’s right to choose abortions