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Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition and Chapter 42: Respiration

Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition and Chapter 42: Respiration. Mariya Monastyrskaya Jim Gerhart Julia Dovgy. Nutritional Requirements of Animals. Three nutrition needs Chemical energy Raw materials Essential nutrients

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Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition and Chapter 42: Respiration

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  1. Chapter 41: Animal Nutritionand Chapter 42: Respiration MariyaMonastyrskaya Jim Gerhart Julia Dovgy

  2. Nutritional Requirements of Animals • Three nutrition needs • Chemical energy • Raw materials • Essential nutrients • substances that animals cannot make for themselves from any raw materials and has to take it in its pre-made form

  3. Four Classes of Essential Nutrients • Amino acids • Fatty acids • Vitamins • Minerals

  4. Intracellular vs. Extracellular Digestion • Intracellular (inside cell) • Food vacuoles • Digestion with lysosomes • Extracellular (outside) • Hydrolysis • For bigger prey

  5. Chapter 41 Digestive System http://georgiahealthinfo.gov

  6. Mouth Teeth Pharynx Epiglottis Tongue Salivary Glands Uvula http://weblogs.newsday.com

  7. Mechanical Disgestion • Teeth, tongue, and saliva • Mastication: Chewing • Increases surface area exposed to digestive juices • Peristalsis: Contractions • Allows food particles to mix with enzymes and gastric juices

  8. Teeth • Made of tissues varying in density and hardness • 3 different types of teeth needed for digestion • Incisors • Canines • Molars http://wikapedia.com

  9. Tongue • Extremely muscular and mobile • Epithelial cells • Located on the floor of the mouth • Tasting, chewing and swallowing http://webcrawler.com

  10. Salivary Glands • Produce saliva in mouth • Mucin • Buffers preventing tooth decay • Antibacterial agents • Salivary amylase • Acini • Three pairs of salivary glands http://3.bp.blogspot.com

  11. Pharynx • Short and broad muscular tube beginning at the back of the mouth • From mouth and nose to esophagus and larynx • Permits passage of swallowed solids and liquids into esophagus • Divided into three parts • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx http://www.web-books.com

  12. Epiglottis • Flap of tissue preventing food from entering the trachea • Upward during breathing • Horizontal when swallowing • Food goes down the esophagus http://people.eku.edu

  13. Uvula • Cone-shaped mass of tissue hanging from the soft palate • Works to make sure food goes down the right tube while swallowing • Blocks off airway to the nose http://www.goldbamboo.com

  14. Esophagus • A muscular tube that passes food from pharynx to the stomach • 25 cm long • Behind trachea and heart • Transport of liquids depends on how body is positioned when swallowing http://assets.aarp.org

  15. The Stomach http://healthguide.howstuffworks.com/stomach-picture.htm

  16. Chemical Digestion • Begins in the mouth with salivary amylase • Gastric fluid • Pepsinogen pepsin peptides • Hydrochloric acid- low pH, dissolves minerals, and kills bacteria • Mucus protects stomach from the acid and pepsin http://www.oralchelation.com/faq/images/stomach_diagram.jpg

  17. Formation of Chyme • 3-4 hours of stomach digestion • Chyme • Peristalsis forces chyme out of the stomach • Pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme • Then it mixes with secretions form the liver and pancreas in the small intestine http://www.gesa.org.au/digestive-system/stomach.cfm

  18. Small Intestine • 21 ft long • Duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum • Continuation of chemical digestion of chyme • Glands release enzymes that complete digestion http://www.gesa.org.au/digestive-system/small_intestine.cfm http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/dige_sys_fin.html

  19. Small Intestine • Folds of intestine covered with villi • Absorption • The end products of digestion are transferred into the circulatory system • Lacteals http://www.belmarpharmacy.com/images/clip_image002.jpg

  20. Large Intestine • “Colon” • Peristalsis • Four major parts of the colon • Sigmoid colon leads into the rectum and anal canal • Feces • Recovering water • Harmless bacteria http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19220.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19220.htm&h=320&w=400&sz=22&tbnid=GtQVeA06-ND7RM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlarge%2Bintestine&hl=en&usg=__KRfR924GR6x6tIMuCUvqiBZ78to=&ei=8HUkSu69LJ3Ktgebq5zdBg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image

  21. Liver • Right of the stomach and is the second largest organ in the body • Products of digestion are transferred to the liver for further processing • Produces bile • Cells contain a number of enzymes that break down toxins or chemicals • Stores glucose as glycogen, makes proteins and breaks down toxic substances Liver Picture: http://health.allrefer.com/health/biliary-atresia-bile-produced-in-the-liver.html

  22. Bile • Digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder aiding in digestion of fats • Modified by addition of a watery bicarbonate as it flows through the bile duct http://health.allrefer.com/health/sclerosing-cholangitis-bile-pathway.html http://health.allrefer.com/health/biliary-atresia-bile-produced-in-the-liver.html

  23. Gallbladder • Bile is transferred to the gallbladder • It is a sac-like organ that stores and concentrates bile • Bile is released into the small intestine through the common bile duct when chyme is present Picture: http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/digestive/middle/gallbladder.html

  24. Pancreas • Lies behind the stomach and has two important functions • It produces sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid • It also produces enzymes that break down macromolecules • Pancreatic fluid enters the small intestine through the pancreatic duct Picture: http://www.dwp.gov.uk/medical/med_conditions/pd/

  25. Diseases of the Digestive System: • Common Sicknesses/Diseases: • Acid Reflex • Indigestion • Diarrhea • Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg • Short Bowel Syndrome • Stomach Cancer (Gastric Cancer)

  26. Chapter 42 Respiration

  27. Respiration – Gas exchange • Main idea • O2 (from the respiratory medium) in and CO2 out • Respiratory surface – the more area, the more diffusion of gases, the better the respiration

  28. Advantages and Disadvantages of Water as a Respiratory Medium • D • Low concentration of oxygen • Lower diffusion rate • A • Simplest kind of diffusion

  29. Respiratory Adaptations in animals

  30. Respiration by lungs

  31. Gas exchange in the lungs • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d69oc8XAIyQ

  32. Positive and Negative Pressure Breathing • Positive pressure- air pushed in • Negative pressure- air drawn in • Humans practice negative using manipulation of diaphragm

  33. Respiratory System of Mammals vs Birds • Mammals use lungs & diaphragm manipulation • Birds have system of air sacs that expand and contract to fill lungs • Air moves in 1 direction, and is more efficiently exchanged

  34. Lung Capacity Terms • Tidal volume- Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath • Vital Capacity- Maximum tidal volume during forced breathing • Residual volume- air left in lungs when rest is forcefully exhaled

  35. Breathing Control • Two main regions- Pons, Medulla Oblongata • Negative feedback/ stretching of lungs • Detection of carbonic acid leads to deeper breathing

  36. Partial Pressure’s Role in Gas Exchange • Partial Pressure- Amount of pressure exerted by a specific part of an atmosphere • Same concept as solute diffusion; movement from high to low partial pressure • Also applies to capillaries (diffusion into interstitial fluid)

  37. Advantages of Respiratory Pigments • O2 in solution with blood too inefficient; respiratory pigments compensate • Hemocyanin- Blue, found in mollusks and arthropods • Hemoglobin- Red. 4 subunits with an iron atom in middle of each. Can carry 4 O2 molecules

  38. The Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen • Saturation increases as partial pressure increases • Greater affinity when less oxygen is available, like in a muscle doing work • Bohr shift- change in affinity for O2 due to change in pH

  39. Carbon Dioxide Transport • 3 modes- Solution with plasma, transport by hemoglobin or *conversion to bicarbonate ions* • CO2 becomes carbonic acid, then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and H+ ions • Bicarbonate ions piggyback onto red blood cells/ convert back to CO2 in lungs

  40. Diving Animal Adaptations • More O2 stored in blood • Blood rerouted to vital areas • Myoglobin- stores 25% O2 in muscles • Fermentation operates muscles when O2 depleted

  41. Works Cited • Campbell, Neil, and Jane Reece. Biology. 6th. San Francisco: Pearson, 2002. • Sharpe, Shirlie. "Omnivore, Hebivore, Carnivore, What's the Difference?." About.com: Freshwater Aquariums. n. page. Web. 2 May. 2012. • "Mechanical and Chemical Digestion." hellolife. Digestive Health Support Group, 06 April 2010. 0. Web. 2 May 2012. <http://www.hellolife.net/digestive-health/b/mechanical-and-chemical-digestion/>.

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