1. Introduction

1. Introduction 2. Fact or Fiction? 3. Piaget and Vygotsky 4. Children’s Theories 5. Language 6. Early Childhood Education 7. Closing Thoughts

Introduction [Video: Early Childhood – Cognitive Development Introduction]

Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact 1. Preoperational intelligence is symbolic and self-centered. 2. A 3-year-old is likely to believe that the same amount of ice cream is actually more when it is transferred from a large bowl to a small bowl. 3. Most 3-year-olds can picture someone having a different belief about where an object is hidden. 4. A young child who says, “You comed up and hurted me” is demonstrating a lack of understanding of English grammar.

Piaget: Preoperational Thinking preoperational intelligence: Piaget’s term for cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible. conservation: The principle that the amount of substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) even when its appearance changes. Which glass contains more?

Piaget: Preoperational Thinking [Video: Piaget’s principle of conservation]

Vygotsky: Social Learning guided participation: The process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations. scaffolding: Temporary support that is tailored to the learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process. 7

Vygotsky: Social Learning [Video: Learning Through Participation]

Theory-Theory Human behavior 47% Nonliving natural things 9% What categories do children ages 3 to 5 years ask questions about? Percentage of Questions Asked by 3- to 5-Year-Olds, by Domain theory-theory: The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories. Biology 31% Objects 9% Other 4% Source: Adapted from Kelemen et al., 2005.

Theory of Mind Where will Max look for the bone? theory of mind: A person’s theory of what other people might be thinking. 10

Theory of Mind [Video: Theory of Mind: Representational Change]

Vocabulary What is the word for each of these? Horse Camel Fast mapped as… Zebra Fast mapped as… Donkey Fast mapped as… Horse Horse Horse fast-mapping: The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning.

Vocabulary [Video: Word Learning: Clip A]

Grammar overregularization: The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, speaking as if the language is more regular than it actually is. How do children make nouns plural? Correct plural noun Overregularized plural

Learning Two Languages balanced bilingual: A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other. Can you speak? Can you speak? Se puede hablar? Pouvez – vous parler? Können Sie sprechen? Você pode falar? あなたは話すことができる？ Potete parlare? 你能说话吗？ Вы можете говорить?

Developmental Programs Child-Centered/Developmental programs support child development by encouraging children to follow their own interests rather than adult direction. What are child-centered programs like? Reggio Emilia program Montessori school

Developmental Programs [Video: Best Practices in Childcare: Observing a Care Center in Action]

Teacher-Directed Programs What are teacher-directed programs like? teacher-directed programs stress academics, usually taught by one adult to a group of children.

Intervention Programs What are the 5 W’s of Head Start? The United States of America From 1965 to the present When Where Federal government and legislation Who Why Originally intended to lift families out of poverty by promoting literacy; also provides dental care, immunizations, teaching of English, and helping parents teach their children and solve their own conflicts What Federally subsidized early education programs for children to get a “head start” on their formal education

Costs and Benefits What did longitudinal research reveal about a preschool program in Michigan? Major Findings for High/Scope Participants at Age 40 Program group Arrested 5+ times by 40 No-program group Earned $20,000+ at 40 Graduated from high school Homework at 15 0 60 80 20 40 Percent Source: Schweinhart et al., 2005, p. 196

Closing Thoughts From what you saw in this presentation, what makes it possible for young children to make huge leaps in thinking and learning? Summarize how these events unfold in children between the ages of 2 and 6 or 7.

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