Review: Translation of attributive clauses

1. Chapter three: Unit three (II): Georgia on My Mind*context *standards of translation(very briefly)

2. Review: Translation of attributive clauses • She spent a whole day with one young farmer who had been away at school, and who was experimenting with a new kind of clover hay. • 她和一个辍学的年轻农民在一起呆了一天，这个农民正在试验一种新品种的红花干草。 • 她还花了一整天的时间和一个年轻农夫在一起。那个农夫曾上过学，现在正在试验苜蓿草的新品种。 • 在这些农民中有个年轻人读过书，最近他正在进行苜蓿新品种的试验。亚历山德拉和这个年轻人聊了一整天，… • 她用了一整天的时间和一个辍学的年轻农民呆在一起，因为那个农民正在试验新品种的苜蓿干草。

3. Review: Translation of attributive clauses • Then the Genius of the Divide, the great, free spirit which breathes across it, must have bent lower than it ever bent to a human will before. • 当时分水岭的保护神——生存在那片土地中的伟大而自由的神灵——肯定是用前所未有的顺从向一个人的意志低下了头颅。 • 然后，分水岭的保护神——生存在那片土地中的伟大而自由的神灵——肯定比以往向一个人的意志低头低得更低了。 • 而伟大的拥有自由灵魂的戴维之路正好横跨过它，这条路将比之前任何一次更驱躬与人类 。 • 这条伟大的分水岭肯定曾经引无数英雄尽折腰 。

4. Review: Translation of attributive clauses • That evening she held a family council and told her brothers all that she had seen and heard. • 亚历山德拉下午回到了家，当晚召开了一个家庭会议，向她的两个弟弟原原本本地讲述了这些天的所见所闻。 • 在下午的时候，亚历山德拉回到了家。晚上，她召开了一个家庭会议，把所见所闻全部告诉给了她的兄弟们。 • 下午的时候，亚历山德拉回到了家。晚上，她举行了一个家庭会议，告诉了她的弟弟们她的所见所闻。 • 傍晚时，亚历山德拉回到了家。晚上，她举行了一个家庭会议，在会上将她见到听到的全部都告诉给了她的兄弟。

5. Context I • There are three kinds of context • Linguistic context • Situational context • Cultural context

6. Context II • Linguistic context • Linguistic context refers to cohesion and coherence within a text • Situational context • It is related to the situation, the participants, and the thing mentioned. • Cultural context • It is related to culture and background. • A good translation must be based on the consideration of the three contexts.

7. Context: case study 1 • Passage • A kidney oozed blood outs on the willow-pattern dish: the last. He stood by the next-door girl at the counter. Would she buy it too, calling the items from a slip in her hand. Chapped: washing soda. And a pound and a half of Denny’s sausages. His eyes rested on her vigorous hips. Woods his name is. Wonder what he does. Wife is oldish. New Blood. No followers allowed.

8. Context: case study 2 • Linguistic context: reference, relation among sentences, sentence structure • Situational context: • What is the passage about? • Where does the thing happen? • Who is the participant? • What is the relationship between the participants? • What is the author’s (hero) observation and what is the hero’s thought. • Cultural context: about the author, the novel, and background

9. Context: case study 3 • Passage • A kidney oozed blood outs on the willow-pattern dish: the last. He stood by the next-door girl at the counter. Would she buy it too, calling the items from a slip in her hand. Chapped: washing soda. And a pound and a half of Denny’s sausages. His eyes rested on her vigorous hips. Woods his name is. Wonder what he does. Wife is oldish. New Blood. No followers allowed.

10. Context: case study 4 • Reference: • 柳条盘内的猪腰子血淋淋的：就这一个了。隔壁的女孩站在柜台前，那男人则站在女孩身边。她会不会也买猪腰子？她手拿购物单，正一一点出她所要的东西。她的手那么粗，一定是洗衣服洗的。她还要了一磅半丹尼斯香肠。那男人的双眼一直盯着女孩那性感的臀部。那个男人就是伍兹。想想他会干什么。他老婆岁数不小了，他要另寻新欢了。别的男人谁都别想靠近那女孩。

11. Discussion 1 • Analysis on the whole text • The clue of the narration • …spent five days… at last, on the sixth day…turned… / “ ”/ When the road began…/ …reached home… that evening… held a council and told… • The translation of names • Alexandra, Emil, Brigham, Genius • Well known, fixed, keep it • Dickens(狄更斯， X地更死）, Elizabeth（伊丽莎白，X一例沙白）, Los Angeles（洛杉矶，X落山鸡）… • Not well-known, translate it according to the pronunciation, but choosing special characters, with the original in the parenthesis. • Alexandra: 亚历山德拉 cf 压力山德拉 //Emil：埃米尔 cf 艾米尔 cf 爱美尔 cf 爱妹儿 //Brigham：布雷汉姆 cf 不理汉姆 • Other names: Linstrum, Peter Crows, Oscar, Lou…

12. Discussion 2 • Context (LC, SC) • Alexandra and Emil spent five days down among the river farms, driving up and down the valley. • Down among the river farms: 下面的河田中，下游的农场，低地的农场，南部的农场，河岸的农场，沿河的农场 • Up and down: 上上下下，来来回回，南南北北 • 亚历山德拉和埃米尔在下游的各农场里度过了五天，她们骑着马在山谷来回地走。 • 在沿河的农场上，亚历山德拉和埃米尔骑着马在河谷来来回回已有五天了。 • 亚历山德拉和埃米尔在河岸的农庄呆了五天，一刻不闲地驾着马车在河谷中奔波。

13. Discussion 3 • Alexandra talked to the men about their crops and to the women about their poultry. • 亚历山德拉与当地的男人谈论种庄稼，和女人谈论养家禽。 • 亚历山德拉与那些男人谈论他们的庄稼，和女人谈论她们的家禽。 • At last, on the sixth day, Alexandra turned Brigham’s (the horse) head northward and left the river behind. • ^在第六天时，亚历山德拉向北调转马头，渐渐远离了这条河谷。 • 第六天，亚历山德拉终于调转马头向北方奔去，潺潺的小河在他们身后渐渐远去。 • 最后，在第六天，亚历山德拉把马头（马的名字叫布莱汉姆）扭向了北方，启程回家。

14. Discussion 4 • Context (LC, SC, CC) • “There’s nothing in it for usdown there, Emil. There are a few fine farms, but they are owned by the rich men in town, and couldn’t be bought. Most of the land is rough and hilly. They can always scrape along downthere, but they can never do anything big. Downtherethey have a little certainty, but up with us there is a big chance. We must have faith in the high land, Emil. I want to hold on harder than ever, and when you’re a forward man you’ll thank me.” She urged Brigham. • Ask some to read their translation.

15. Discussion 5 • For the first time, perhaps, since that land emerged from the waters of geologic ages, a human face was set toward it with love and yearning. • For the first time, perhaps, since that land emerged from the waters of geologic ages, a human face was set toward it with love and yearning. • 从地质学时代里第一次陆地从海水中浮现出了，人们的脸怀着爱心和渴望朝向它。 • 也许那片土地自地质时期的汪洋中浮现出来之后，这还是第一次有人怀着爱心和渴望把脸朝向它。 • 从那片土地自地质时期的汪洋中浮现出来之后，怀着爱心和渴望，人们的脸开始朝向它。 • 自沧海变桑田，这还是第一次有人怀着爱心和渴望把脸朝向它。

16. Discussion 7 • The history of every country begins in the heart of a man or a woman. • 每—片土地的历史都是从一个男人或一个女人的心中开始书写的。 • 每—个村庄的历史都是从一个男人或一个女人的心中开始书写的。 • 每—片土地的历史都是从人们的心中开始书写的，（无论他们是男是女）。

17. Discussion 8 • Context (LC, SC, CC) • “… The river land was settled before this, and so they are a few years ahead of us, and have learned more about farming. The land sells for three times as much as this, but in five years we will double it. The rich men down there own all the best land, and they are buying all they can get. The thing to do is to sell our cattle and what little old corn we have, and buy the Linstrum place. Then the next thing to do is to take out two loans on ourhalf-sections, and buy Peter Crows’ place; raise every dollar we can, and buy every acre we can.”

18. Discussion 9 • How much is a “half-section”? (CC) • If you translate it as “一半”，then how will you translate the following? • ART III. The United States agree to grant to each of the following persons, the quantity of land annexed to their names, which lands shall be conveyed to them by patent. • For Mon-i-taw-quah, daughter of Swa-gaw, one section; For Wee-saw, three sections; For Ben-ack, eight sections;… • Try to look them up in The Public Land Survey or Homestead Act，and try to understand the culture and background. Or try to calculate them by ourselves. • You would transfer them into: “640英亩”(a section)、“320英亩” (half-section).

19. Discussion 10 • In what kind of situation did Lou say the following, and how? (SC) • “Mortgage the homestead again?” Lou cried. He sprang up and began to wind the clock furiously. “I won’t slave to pay off another mortgage. I’ll never do it. You’d just as soon kill us all, Alexandra, to carry out some scheme!” • How should we keep the mood.

20. Homework • Standards of translation • We have discussed the question in chapter one. Review by yourselves. • Read from 99 to 105 • Translate the rest of passage 7