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Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Research

Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Research. Jenny Tancock, Clinical Librarian, FGH jenny.tancock@mbht.nhs.uk 01229 491297 Alison Harry, R+D Co-ordinator, RLI alison.harry@mbht.nhs.uk 01524 516485. Learning Objectives. By the end of this workshop you will:

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Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Research

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  1. Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Research Jenny Tancock, Clinical Librarian, FGH jenny.tancock@mbht.nhs.uk 01229 491297 Alison Harry, R+D Co-ordinator, RLI alison.harry@mbht.nhs.uk 01524 516485

  2. Learning Objectives By the end of this workshop you will: • Understand why critical appraisal is useful • Understand the principles of critically appraising a qualitative study • Have used some tools available to aid critical appraisal • Be confident in recognising qualitative research methods

  3. Critical appraisal helps the reader of qualitative research… 1. decide how trustworthy a piece of research is (validity) 2. determine what it is telling us (results) 3. weigh up how useful the research will be (relevance)

  4. What is qualitative research? • “Understanding the complex world of lived experience from the point of view of those who live it.” Jones R. Why do qualitative research? BMJ 1995; 311:2 • it is concerned with seeing the world through the eyes of the person being studied

  5. Why use qualitative research ? views of individuals/groups : • increase knowledge in a poorly understood area • challenge assumptions and practices • act as a precursor to quantitative research • generate new ideas

  6. Qualitative or quantitative? • How many parents would consult their general practitioner when their child has a mild temperature? • Why do parents worry so much about their children’s temperature? • What proportion of smokers have tried to give up? • What stops people giving up smoking? Trisha Greenhalgh ‘How to read a paper’

  7. phenomenology Qualitative research methodologies e.g. grounded theory ethnography

  8. Components of qualitative research: • research question • sampling process • data collection • data analysis

  9. 1. Research Question • are the aims of the research clear? • is a qualitative methodology appropriate? • qualitative research addresses the ‘what’ • ‘how’ ‘why’ questions • - what is happening? • - how does it happen? • - why does it happen?

  10. 2. Sampling Process • The sample consists of individuals who have experiences relevant to the area being researched. Knowing how they were selected is important in establishing transferability. • methods of sampling: • purposive • theoretical • the sample size can be determined by: • data analysis • saturation • size of ‘expert’ group • pragmatism

  11. 3. Data Collection Methods are determined by the nature of the research question posed observation - looking atnon verbal/verbal behaviour by notes, audio/videointerviews - unstructured or semi-structuredtext - diaries, case notes, lettersfocus groups - semi-structured or unstructured Are the methods used suitable for the question? Is it clear how the data were collected? Is it clear where the data were collected? Has the researcher considered ethical issues?

  12. Reflexivity types of interview questions asked meaning given to data researcher area being studied venue

  13. Ethics Need to consider: • consent • confidentiality • professional responsibility • reporting

  14. 4. Data Analysis • Aim is to give understanding to participants’ experiences • interpretations are made by the researcher/s from • participants’ descriptions or from observations • e.g. thematic analysis - researcher/s reads the transcribed data, re-reads itand codes it into themes/categories • Is the method of analysis clear? • Does it use all of the data? • Would another researcher make a similar interpretation? • Are alternative interpretations explored? • Respondent validation?

  15. “…it was too constricting, I felt pressurized into taking the medication for a longer time than I thought necessary” “… I felt I ought to see it through because it might help me, but I’m not sure I really believed it would” “…it seemed like a good idea at the time, to stop feeling off colour all the time, but I also felt guilty if I ever missed a dose and then I thought what the hell”

  16. Triangulation • Methods • interviews • observations • text • questionnaire • Sample group • patients • professionals • carers

  17. Questions to apply to qualitative studies: • Is there a clear statement of the aims of the study ? • Is a qualitative research design appropriate ? • How and why have participants been selected ? Is the process described and justified? • How were the data collected? Are the setting and methods described adequately and any modifications discussed?

  18. The value of research Consider your appraisal of the paper: how useful is the paper to you?

  19. http://www.phru.nhs.uk/Pages/PHD/resources.htmCritical Appraisal Skills Programmemaking sense of evidence Critical appraisal of qualitativeresearch

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