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學生：董瑩蟬

Judgments about collision in younger and older drivers Transportation Research Part F 6 (2003) 63–80. 學生：董瑩蟬. Purpose. There were three experiment on this study. The experiment 1 purpose was to investigated that age different in judgments about two objects collide.

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學生：董瑩蟬

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  1. Judgments about collision in younger and older driversTransportation Research Part F 6 (2003) 63–80 學生：董瑩蟬

  2. Purpose • There were three experiment on this study. • The experiment 1 purpose was to investigated that age different in judgments about two objects collide. • The experiment 2 was to measure age different when judgments about whether two objects would collide. • The experiment 3 investigated the age different in judgments whether the object would hit the observer.

  3. Reference • Time-to-contact (TTC) judgment that can be used to measure driver licensure. (Schiff & Arnone, 1995) • The older adults has underestimated TTC judgment (Hancock & Manser, 1997; Schiff et al.,1992). • Some studies found that the older adults were bad judgment abilities. (Fisk & Rogers, 1997; Salthouse, 1982; Sekuler et al.,1982)

  4. Method-experiment 1 • Participants • Eight young age18 ~ 29 (M=20.25,S.D=3.81) • Eight older age 50~64 (M=55, S.D=5.18) • The young group come from Texas Tech University students • Equipment • Pentium ∥-300 MHz computer • Accelgraphics Accelstar∥graphics card • 35.56 cm monitor

  5. Method-experiment 1 • Object • The object move speed was 3 s • The object disappeared when it was 3 or 6 s from virtual contact with the pole. (TTC) • The final distance were near or far from pole. • There were 10 different scenes which include stationary observer or moving observer. (motion condition)

  6. Method-experiment 1 • Procedure • Participant must to complete train trials. • The viewed distance approximately 45.72 cm. • The participants press a mouse button when they found object. • When the object reach the pole that participants keep moving at the same speed after it disappeared. • TTC was the time between the object’s disappearance and the participant’s response.

  7. Method-experiment 2 • Participants • Eight young age18 ~ 20 (M=18.63,S.D=0.92) • Eight older age 55~76 (M=62.63, S.D=7.98) • Object • There was different cues relative size and ground-intercept information for judgments collide. • The cubes approached for 1s and the cubes angles include 45°, 90 °,or 180 °. • There were half trials, the cubes would collided. • The cubes disappeared before they collided or passed. • There were 36 trials simulated stationary, and 144 trials moving observation.

  8. Method-experiment 2 • Procedure • The viewed distance approximately 38.1 cm. • The participants respond the cubes collided or not. • When the cubes disappeared that participants keep moving at the same speed. • When ground-intercept information was present that participants were to press the bottoms and respond the tips collide or not. • Participant respond that how much confidence. • This experiment collect the correct.

  9. Method-experiment 3 • Participants • Eight young age18 ~ 23 (M=20.25,S.D=1.49) • Eight older age 51~75 (M=60.63, S.D=9.71) • Object • There were three different dimensional scenes square object. • The object approached to observation plane for 2 s. • When it was either 1.5 or 3s from virtual contact the observation plane, it was disappeared. • There were half trial simulated stationary observation point, and the other was remaining trials. • The subject respond how far the object start to approach. And respond collisions or miss.(PSE)

  10. Method-experiment 3 • Procedure • The viewed distance approximately 45.72 cm. • The participants respond the object whether hit. • And keep the same speed to moving after the object disappeared. • There were 8 trials. And total need 1 hours.

  11. Method • Supplementary tests and driving questionnaires • Simple reaction time: the subject press a mouse button when the square present. After the countdown ca 0.5, 2.25, 4.0, 5.75 and 7.5 second. • Mental rotation task: there were three characters F、J and L that were rotated 90°, 180° or 270°. Subject respond the character was normal or reversed position. They collect the correct responses.

  12. Method • Supplementary tests and driving questionnaires • Clock task: there were 20 digital format (e.g.,10:10) present and subject respond the clock angle greater whether more 90°. They collect the correct responses. • Driving questionnaires: The first was driving and accident histories. The second was DBQ include 15 times. (Table 1 and Table 2)

  13. Method

  14. Method

  15. Result-Age differences in judgments about collision • Experiment 1: Judgments about when two objects would collide • The older driver was significant smaller for TTC judgment.( older=2.92, young=4.37) • The 2*2*2*10 (age* TTC* final distance*motion condition) ANOVA result found the older TTC judgments were smaller than younger. (overall means were 3.22 and 4.13)

  16. Result-Age differences in judgments about collision • Experiment 2: Judgments about whether two objects would collide • The 2*2*2*2*3*5 (age*relative cube size*collision/miss*presence/absence of ground-intercept information*approach angle*motion condition) • The younger adults mean percentage correct was higher than older adults. (F(1,12)=10.67)(Y=72%, O=59%) Fig. 1. Experiment 1. Mean percentage correct as a function of relative cube size, event type, presence/absence of ground-intercept information, and age. Error bars indicate 1 standard error of the mean.

  17. Result-Age differences in judgments about collision • Experiment 3: Judgments about whether an object would hit the observer Fig. 2. Experiment 2. Mean PSE for horizontal speed as a function of gender and age. Error bars indicate 1 standard error of the mean.

  18. Result-Age differences in judgments about collision • 2*2 (TTC* motion condition) ANOVA result found the older adult’s mean PSE for horizontal position was high when TTC was 3 s. • 2*2*2*2 (age*gender*TTC*motion condition) ANOVA result found the significant age* gender interaction for PSE horizontal speed. (F(1,8)=8.37) see fig 2

  19. Result-Correlations with judgments about collision • Experiment 1:Judgments about when two objects would collide • There were no significant different between TTC judgments and driver performance measures. • Experiment 2: Judgments about whether two objects would collide • There were positive correlation between correct and stooped for the police frequency. (r=0.05) • Experiment 3: Judgments about whether an object would hit the observer • There were significant correlation between PSE for horizontal and stooped for the police frequency. (r=-0.72) in younger adults.

  20. Result-Supplementary tests and driver performance measures • Age differences • The older has significant lower mean DBQ-V and DBQ-E.

  21. Result-Correlations • DBQ-E and DBQ-V • Between minor accidents and major accident has significant correlation. (r=0.38) and between minor accidents and DBQ-E has the same result. (r=0.3) • There was significant correlations between minor accidents and major accidents, majior accident and stooped for police frequency for older adults. (r=0.64 and r=0.48)But not for younger drivers. • There was significant correlations between DBQ-V and stooped for police frequency (r=0.46) for younger drivers, and the same between major accidents and speed violations. (r=0.67)

  22. Result-Correlations • Spatial abilities • The mental rotation and clock related to collision judgments that was not significant. • Between PSE for horizontal position and mental rotation task performance (r=-0.54) • There were significant correlation between reaction time and PSE for both horizontal position (r=0.64) and horizontal speed (r=7.1) • The older adult between DBQ-E and clock task performance has significant correlation (r=-0.47) • There were significant positive correlation between age and reaction time. (r=0.35)

  23. Discussion • The experiment result found that the older adults has underestimated TTC. This result similar to Hancock & Manser (1997) and Schiff et al. (1992) • Older adults may loss some extract information from visual flow (Warran et al.,1989), they relaying more other sources information such as ground-intercept information.

  24. Conclusion • The older adults has higher reaction time than younger adults. • The older TTC judgments were smaller than younger. • The younger adults mean percentage correct (collision or miss) was higher than older adults.

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