RISKS TO NEWBORN: Malnutrition Lead Poisoning SIDS Shaken Baby Syndrome BENEFITS TO BREAST MILK

1. RISKS TO NEWBORN: • Malnutrition • Lead Poisoning • SIDS • Shaken Baby Syndrome • BENEFITS TO BREAST MILK • *Breastfeeding can often counteract harmful exposures… breast milk is the perfect nutritional balance for babies and can lead to: • * higher IQ • lower risk of infections and illnesses the first year (transfers mother’s immune factors) and throughout their life span! • Breast milk is more digestible for babies than cow’s milk • Less likely to be overweight as infants and prevents obesity throughout their lifetime (90% fat cells produced the first year of life and lasts a lifetime). • No allergies to breastmilk • Promotes mother/infant bonding

2. Motor development • Development of infant progresses from center of body to parts farther away

3. Motor development • Development of infant progresses from head to feet

4. Even the proportions are different

5. Progeria

6. Attachment • Close emotional bond between infant and main caregiver (usually parents);evolved through natural selection so infant is better cared for. Separation Anxiety – an infant grows closer to their parents and shows distress when parents leave. Normal at certain stages. • Secure Attachment: See parents as “safe home base” and are confident to explore briefly, knowing parents are there • Insecure Attachment: are avoidant, ambivalent or resistant to parents

7. Tested by Harry Harlow • Prevailing child rearing belief at the time: Children are attached to their parents because their parents feed them • Harlow thought it was more than that: parents provide needed love, warmth, nurturance • Used Rhesus monkeys to experiment

8. Harlow took baby monkeys away from their mothers, gave them wire mesh “mother monkeys.” Some were covered with terry cloth, some had bottles of milk attached. 17-18 hours vs. 1 hour feeding

9. Harlow’s experiment • Found that baby monkeys preferred the terry cloth monkey even though it didn’t have a bottle on it – they’d run to it whenever frightened and cuddle against it most of the time • Conclusion: holding and cuddling are even more important in infant development than feeding

10. Some further findings • Monkeys raised without mothers didn’t learn social behavior such as grooming, were usually afraid of each other, and had very poor social skills

11. More of Harlow’s findings: • As adults: • Difficulty breeding • Mothering was very inadequate: monkeys were either indifferent (didn’t nurse, comfort or protect their babies) or abusive – even biting and killing their infants

12. Unconditional Positive Regard wkst

13. AUTHORIT Parenting Styles • wkst • AUTHORITARIAN PARENTS – strict, attempt to shape, and control the behavior and attitudes of their children in accordance with a set standard of conduct (usually from religious or respected authorities). *Obedience is a virtue - they punish and use harsh discipline. Boys/Girls • AUTHORITATIVE PARENTS - attempt to direct their children’s activities in a rational and intelligent way; they are supportive, loving and committed, encourage verbal give-and-take, and discuss their rules and policies with their children. These parents value being expressive and independent, but also demanding. Boys/Girls

14. PERMISSIVE PARENTS - less controlling and behave with a nonpunishing and accepting attitude toward their children’s impulses, desires, and actions. They consult with their children about policy decisions, make few demands, and tend to use reason rather than direct power. Girls/Boys

15. Regardless of methods and books….. Imagine this….. If every day, every parent told their child they were special to them – that their life and the world was better because of them….

16. TOdDLER RULES! If I like it, it's mine. If it's in my hand, it's mine. If I can take it from you, it's mine. If I had it a little while ago, it's mine. If it's mine, it must NEVER appear to be yours in anyway. If I'm doing or building something, all the pieces are mine. If it looks just like mine, it is mine. If I saw it first, it's mine. If you are playing with something and you put it down, it automatically becomes mine. If it's broken, it's yours.

17. Cognitive development of the child:Jean Piaget, 1896-1980 • Piaget’s stages of cognitive development • Watched his own three children’s development • Concluded that thinking ability occurs in stages and CHILDREN THINK DIFFERENTLY than adults

18. Rocket science is child’s play compared to child’s play – PiagetFirst 2 years of life are the most active cognitively in a person’s life!

19. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: At each stage, certain kinds of learning take place before next stage begins • Sensorimotor – birth to 2 years • Preoperational - 2 to 7 years • Concrete – 7 to 11 years • Formal – 12 to adulthood

20. Cognitive Development: PiagetI: Sensorimotor Stage • Baby learns about everything from senses (hearing, seeing, putting things in its mouth) • Doesn’t yet understand object permanence at beginning of stage, but does by the end of it

21. Object permanence: one of the first cognitive steps (birth to 2) • “out of sight, out of mind” • Baby must learn that just because it can’t see a hidden object doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist anymore • This is why baby enjoys “peekaboo”

22. Egocentrism • This concept explains why a child around two thinks that when his/her eyes are closed you can’t see them Cora, 2 years: “I’m hiding!”

24. Egocentrism at work

25. Testing egocentric thinking:“The Three Mountains Problem” Child is shown view from doll’s perspective, then is taken to opposite end of table. “What does the doll see now?” Child describes only what SHE sees. She can’t imagine someone else’s perspective.

26. Preoperational – can’t understandClass Inclusion problem Are there more flowers or more yellow flowers?

27. Smart • My dad gave me one dollar bill'Cause I'm his smartest son,And I swapped it for two shiny quarters'Cause two is more than one! • And then I took the quartersAnd traded them to LouFor three dimes -- I guess he don't knowThat three is more than two! • Just then, along came old blind BatesAnd just 'cause he can't seeHe gave me four nickels for my three dimes,And four is more than three! • And I took the nickels to Hiram CoombsDown at the seed-feed store,And the fool gave me five pennies for them,And five is more than four! • And then I went and showed my dad,And he got red in the cheeksAnd closed his eyes and shook his head--Too proud of me to speak! • - Shel Silverstein Conservation

28. At beginning of preoperational stage, child doesn’t understand conservation When liquid is poured from one glass into a taller, thinner glass… Child says, “Now the taller glass holds more.” “Both glasses hold the same amount.”

29. Lack of understanding of conservation principles applies to many things…

30. Some other conservation areas:

31. Conservation

32. Piaget Test – Identify the Piaget stage of Cognitive Development • Upon meeting Mr. Rogers (host of a famous children’s TV show), a young child asks, “How did you get out of the box?” • A young mother is encouraging her son to try another bite of a disliked food. The child is quietly whining, but when the mother spreads the food around to cool it, the child becomes hysterical. Why did the child become so upset? • Last month, Janie’s mom could easily substitute a less offensive toy for a noisy ones and Janie would continue happily playing. Now she will cry and reach for the removed toy even when it is out of sight.

33. Tom is deeply upset that his parents cheat on their income taxes, yet he has no difficulty justifying personally cheating on a school exam. Explain Tom’s inconsistency from a Piagetian perspective. • A favorite aunt gives her two nephews three cookies and encourages them to share. The older child takes two cookies for himself and offers his brother the other cookie broken in half. Both children are happy with this arrangement. Label each child’s stage of development.

34. Piaget • Sandy is 5 years old. Her parents have decided to divorce. What is the best way for them to inform Sandy of their decision? • Sandy is 10 years old. Her parents have decided to divorce. What is the best way for them to inform Sandy of their decision? • Sandy is 15 years old. Her parents have decided to divorce. What is the best way for them to inform Sandy of their decision? • Sandy is 20 years old. Her parents have decided to divorce. What is the best way for them to inform Sandy of their decision?

35. Social Development of the ChildMore stage theories • Freud’s theories of Psychosexual development • Erikson’s theories of Psychosocial development

36. Sigmund Freud

37. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages • Oral – infancy to 18 months • Pleasure is centered on the mouth • Anal – 1 ½ to 3 years • Pleasure is centered on elimination • Phallic – 3 to 6 years • Pleasure is centered on the genitals • Elektra and Oedipus • Latency – 6 to puberty • Child represses sexuality so he can develop social and intellectual skills • Genital – puberty to adulthood • Sexual desire instigated and fulfilled through relationships with others

38. Erik Erikson

39. Erikson’s stage theories of Social Development • If child doesn’t successfully complete each stage he/she may not be able to successfully reach the next one: • Trust vs. mistrust – birth to 1 year • Autonomy vs. shame and doubt – 1 to 3 • Initiative vs. guilt – 3 to 5 • Industry vs. inferiority – 5 to 12 • Identity vs. role confusion – adolescence • Intimacy vs. isolation – young adult • Generativity vs. stagnation – middle adulthood • Integrity vs. despair – late adulthood

40. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: People look back on their lives

41. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: Kids these days!

42. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: People feel worthwhile if they've contri...

43. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: This stage covers the early school years...

44. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: This crisis occurs during the first year...

45. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: Individuals develop a feeling that they ...

46. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: Individuals may share themselves with ot...

47. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: The person is asking "Who am I?

48. Don’t forget: You can copy-paste this slide into other presentations, and move or resize the poll. Poll: Children are fighting for control over m...

49. Erikson review • People look back on their lives. • Children are fighting for control over muscular activities. • The person is asking “Who am I?” and planning for the future. • Individuals may share themselves with others or remain by themselves. • Individuals develop a feeling that they are productive. • This crisis occurs during the first year of life. • This stage covers the early school years. • People feel worthwhile if they’ve contributed something to the next generation.

50. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY OUTLINE Prenatal Development Conception Nutrition, Drugs, Risk to Newborns Harlow’s Attachment Studies (3 types of attachment) Parenting Styles (3 types) Child Abuse Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages (Conservation, Object Permanence, Egocentrism) Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages