Childhood Victimization: New Concepts & New Findings

1. Childhood Victimization:New Concepts & New Findings David Finkelhor Crimes against Children Research Center -- UNH School of Education Community Well-Being Forum February 19, 2009 University of Miami

3. Where does more crime occur?ʺUrban areas Rural areas

4. Which of these are high risk groups for crime victimization? (check all that apply)the poor minorities veterans retail employees

5. Who is at higher risk for sexual assault?Males Females

6. The elderly are at a relatively _________ risk for crime victimization.High Low

7. Youth More Victimized x 2.0 x 2.3 x 2.9 x 1.9 Children More Victimized than Adults, General Crime 4 3 Youth Risk - Adult Risk (12-17) 2 1 0 Simple Assault Rape Robbery Agg. Assault National Crime Victimization Survey, 2000

8. Youth Have More Serious Crime Victimization 15.8 10.1 Youth 5.7 5.7 Youth Adult Adult National Crime Victimization Survey, 2001

9. 6 5.3 x 5 4 3.1 x Child Risk - Adult Risk 3 2 (0-18) 1 0 Any Violence Severe Violence National Family Violence Survey, 1975 Children More Victimized than Adults,Family Violence

10. Rural Youth More Victimized than Urban Adults Suburban Central City Central City Suburban Small Town / Rural Small Town / Rural Youth (12-17) Adults National Crime Victimization Survey, 2001

11. Why are Children So Victimized? • Smallness, inexperience, dependency, fewer conflict resolution strategies • Weak norms and sanctions, limited protections • Risky activities, environments • Lack of choice over associates

12. Juveniles Make Up Only AMinority of Arrested Offenders

13. Police Reported Violent Crime: More Juvenile Victims than Offenders at Most Ages Victims Offenders Figure includes only offenders 5 and older. Source: NIBRS 1999 (17 States)

14. Juvenile Justice Textbook

15. Newspaper Article

16. Myths About Violence Against Children • Children less affected by violence • Violence can be positive for children • Violence more mutual among children

17. Youth Victimization Less Reported to Police 54% 34% 34% Adult Adult Youth 13% Youth National Crime Victimization Survey, 2001

18. Developmental Victimology • Developmental changes in risk • Developmental factors in impact

19. Family Lethality Gender Differences Stranger/ Acquaintance Weapon 0 18 Age Developmental Aspects of Violence Risk

20. Infectious Diseases Designated as Notifiable at the National Level During 2005 • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) • Anthrax • Botulism • Brucellosis • Chancroid • Chlamydia trachomatis, general infection • Cholera • Coccidioidomycosis • Cryptosporidiosis • Cyclosporiasis • Diptheria • Domestic arbovital diseases, neuroinvasice and • non-neuroinvasive • California serogroup virus disease • Eastern equine encephalitis virus disease • Powassan virus disease • St. Louis encephalitis virus disease • West Nile virus disease • Western equine encephalitis virus disease • Ehrlichiosis • EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli (EHEC) infection • EHEC O157:H7 • EHEC Shiga toxin-positive, serogroup non-O157 • EHEC Shiga toxin-positive, not serogrouped • Giardiasis • Gonorrhea • Haemophilusinfluenzae, invasive disease • Hansen disease (leprosy) • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome • Hemolytic uremic syndrome, postdiarrheal • Hepatitis A, viral, acute • Hepatitis B, viral, acute • Hepatitis B, chronic • Hepatitis B, virus infection, perinatal • Hepatitis C, viral, acute • Hepatitis C, virus infection (past or present) • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

21. Infectious Diseases Designated as Notifiable at the National Level During 2005 (cont). • Influenza-associated pediatric mortality • Legionellosis • Listeriosis • Lyme disease • Malaria • Measles • Meningococcal disease, invasive • Mumps • Pertussis • Plague • Poliomyelitis, paralytic • Psittacosis • Q fever • Rabies • Rocky Mountain spotted fever • Rubella • Salmonellosis • Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS) • Shigellosis • Smallpox • Streptococcal disease, invasive, group A • Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome • Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive disease • Syphilis • Tetanus • Toxic-shock syndrome (other than streptococcal) • Trichinellosis • Tuberculosis • Tularemia • Typhoid fever • Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureusinfection • (VISA) • Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusinfection • (VRSA) • Varicella infection • Yellow fever

23. Newsweek Cover

24. SA Sub 1990-2005* Sexual Abuse Substantiations 1990-2006*:Extrapolated to U. S. Child Population 53% Decline Rate per 10,000 Children (<18) *Source: NCANDS

25. PA Sub 1990-2005* Physical Abuse Substantiations 1990-2006*:Extrapolated to U. S. Child Population 48% Decline Rate per 10,000 Children (<18) *Source: NCANDS

26. Juvenile Victimization Trends, 1993 – 2004 (NCVS) Age 12 – 17 years; 3 year averages.

27. Juvenile Sexual Abuse Trends in Minnesota, 1992 - 2004 -23% Victimizations: -22% Note: respondents are 6th, 9th, and 12th grade students enrolled in public schools in selected Minnesota school districts. Source: Minnesota Student Survey, 1992-2004

28. Teenage Birth Rate Rate per 1,000 Females (15-17 yrs old) Source: National Vital Statistics Reports: Sept. 25, 2001, Vol. 49 (10); June 6, 2002, Vol. 50 (10); Dec.17, 2003,Vol. 52 (10); Nov.23, 2004 Vol.53(9).

29. Teen Suicide Source: National Vital Statistics Systems using the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta GA. (http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars/ )

30. Teen Runaway Arrests Source: O.J.J.D.P. (March 19,2007). Juvenile arrest rates by offense, sex, and race. Online. Available: http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ojstatbb/crime/excel/JAR_20070222.xls Rate per 100,000 Juvenile (10-17 yrs old)

31. Possible Mechanisms • Economic improvement • More agents of social intervention • Increased offender identification, deterrence, incarceration • Psychopharmacology

32. Cartoon

33. Finkelhor, D. (2008). Childhood victimization: Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People. New York: Oxford University Press. NEW Daniel Schneider Child Welfare Book of the Year Award

34. For more information contact: David Finkelhor david.finkelhor@unh.edu http://www.unh.edu/ccrc