International Living With a Star: Basic Research With A High Public Purpose

1. International Living With a Star: Basic Research With A High Public Purpose D.N. Baker Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences Department of Physics University of Colorado, Boulder

2. THE LABORATORY FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE PHYSICSA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADOBOULDER, COLORADO . Celebrating Sixty Years of Space Science Research

3. CU/LASP: Pushing the Boundaries of Space Research • LASP conducts theoretical and experimental research in…. • Planetary Physics • Solar Influences • Atmospheric Sciences • Space Physics • LASP has successfully developed scientific instrumentation for…. • 12 Deep Space Missions • 14 Earth-Orbiting Missions • Over 230 Sub-Orbital Rocket Experiments

4. LASP Space Mission Participation LASP has now sent instruments to every planet in the solar system and beyond (Voyager)

5. All Phases: Formulate, Design, Build, Test, and Operate SCIENTISTS STUDY DATA, PUBLISH DISCOVERIES AND FORMULATE NEW QUESTIONS 100 Students 130 STUDENTS 270 PROFESSIONALS ENGINEERS DESIGN, BUILD & TEST FLIGHT HARDWARE MISSION OPERATIONS MANAGES SPACECRAFT AND COLLECTS DATA

6. Training the Next Generation Workforce • LASP employs about 130 graduate and undergraduates throughout the Lab (science, engineering and mission operations). • Gaining experience as productive members of LASP team, including skills important for partnering with space sciences industries. • Hands-on experience in designing, building, testing, and operating space flight hardware • Working as a member of a team • Understanding the space business community and concerns • Maintaining high quality under tight deadlines • Learn about procedures and standards

7. LASP Science Partnerships • Colorado Partners • Denver Museum of Nature and Science • National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) • NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center • Space Science Institute • Southwest Research Institute • International Partners • Canadian Space Agency • Germany (MPI), Belgium, Austria, Britain, etc. • European Space Agency, Japan • How about Taiwan?? ITAR restrictions inhibit international collaborations. Need continued attention from policymakers in changing these laws.

8. Solar Variability: SORCE and NPOESS • Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) launched flawlessly on 25 January 2003 • Mission is measuring the total and spectral solar “irradiance” with unprecedented precision • This program will help us understand global climate change • National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) is used to monitor global environmental conditions. • LASP’s SORCE SIM and TIM instruments may be on NPOESS or other similar missions.

9. AIM: Studying Clouds at the Edge of Space Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) is an Earth orbiting satellite that is carrying out the first detailed exploration of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs), clouds that may be the result of human-induces climate change. Over its two-year mission, AIM will document the entire complex life cycle of these clouds. With this information, scientists will be able to resolve many of the mysteries about how these clouds form and be better able to predict how they will change in the future.

10. Mercury MESSENGER Flyby - October 2008

11. Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Mission LASP-led Mars Scout Mission Bruce Jakosky, PI Launch date: 2013

12. Understanding of Sun-Earth Connections

14. Yohkoh Soft X-rays: The 11-Year Solar Activity Cycle

15. Civilian Spacecraft at Geostationary Orbit Estimated to be greater than $200 billion in space assets

16. SOHO: Images of the Sun—October 2003

17. The Halloween Storms in the Heliosphere

19. Long-Term View From SAMPEX Multi-MeV electrons in the outer Van Allen belt show huge variability on all relevant time scales. This includes daily to solar cycle variations. There is a clear part played by solar wind speed. Questions have been raised about the relative roles of high speed solar wind streams versus CME-driven geomagnetic storms. Radiation belt changes during Halloween 2003 storms Baker et al. (Nature, 2004)

20. High-Energy Electrons

21. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) • Definition: • A transfer of electrostatic charge between bodies at different electrostatic potentials caused by direct contact or induced by an electrostatic field.

22. ESD Damage 175X 4300X HA-2700 surface damage in the C2 MOS capacitor (Courtesy of JPL)

23. Spacecraft Anomalies and Failures

24. (Being built at CU – LASP) Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP):Relativistic Electron-Proton Telescope (REPT)

25. REPT Instrument Cross Section Detector Stack 7X 40mm detector pairs 2X 20mm detectors Detector flex circuits Collimator CSA Be Window BIAS

26. International Living With a Star (ILWS)

27. Economic Impacts of Space Weather • Airborne Survey Data Collection: $50,000 per day • Marine Seismic Data Collection: $80,000-$200,000 per day • Offshore Oil Rig Operation: $300,000-$1,000,000 per day Global Positioning System Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration GPS Global Production Value—expected growth: 2003 - $13 billion 2008 - $21.5 billion 2017 - $757 billion Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) – Mar 2005

28. Space Studies Board Economic Impacts Study • Phase I: Workshop • May 22-23, 2008 • Representatives from academia, industry, government, and industry associations • Associations have aggregated data and avoid concerns about proprietary or competition-sensitive data • Analysis in specific areas; e.g., GPS, power industry, aviation, military systems, human and robotic exploration beyond low-Earth orbit • Econometric analysis of value of improved SpaceWx

29. Anticipated Benefits • Economic Impacts analyses provide: • Better guidance for policy makers on investment in Space Weather systems • Better rationale for Agency budgeting • Better understanding of “high-payoff” forecasts • Clearer guidance for future human exploration • Improved societal appreciation for SWx risks National Academy of Sciences Report ( in final preparation)

30. LASP and CU are performing forefront research in space and Earth sciences The challenges associated with space weather affect all developed and developing countries Work on space weather specification, modeling, and forecasting has great societal benefit: It is basic research with a high public purpose Future space exploration and human endeavors will require major advances in physical understanding and improved transition of space research to operations ITAR is a major impediment to effective U.S. space programs; It is imperative that ITAR law be revamped. Summary

31. Thank you. Questions?

32. Particle Acceleration to High Energies in the Magnetosphere D.N. Baker, S.G. Kanekal, X. Li and S. Elkington Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics University of Colorado at Boulder

33. The Interdependencies of Society

34. CISM: The Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling LASP’s Principal Role: The Knowledge Transfer Team Goal: To provide access to models, as well as technology exchange opportunities and fellowships. • Allows CISM scientists to communicate their innovations to the broad government and industry community. • Allows the community to convey their needs to the CISM scientists. Partners include Lockheed Martin, Ball Aerospace, Boeing, Metatech and NOAA/Space Weather Prediction Center

35. Auroral Region Acceleration Bow Shock Cusp Shock Acceleration Tail Reconnection Acceleration Inner Magnetosphere Acceleration Magnetopause Acceleration Solar Wind Key Regions of Magnetospheric Particle Acceleration

36. MHD/Particle Simulations of Energetic Electron Trapping • 60 keV test electrons, constant M • Started 20 RE downtail, 15s intervals • Evolves naturally under MHD E and B fields • Removed from simulation at magnetopause • Color coded by energy

37. Coronal Mass Ejection - Earth Impact Courtesy of NASA

38. DOE Nuclear Reg Comm Schlumberger NY/PJM Grid Ball Loral NESDIS/SOCC Digital Globe Boeing Lockheed Aerospace Echostar NASA Space Command ISS Astronauts FAA American United Airlines Northwest Continental Commercial Space Transportation Airline Polar Flights Microchip technology Precision Guided Munitions Cell phones Atomic Clock Satellite Operations Carbon Dating experiments GPS Navigation Ozone Measurements Aircraft Radiation Hazard Commercial TV Relays Communications Satellite Orientation Spacecraft Charging Satellite Reconnaissance & Remote Sensing Instrument Damage Geophysical Exploration. Pipeline Operations Anti-Submarine Detection Satellite Power Arrays Power Distribution Long-Range Telephone Systems Radiation Hazards to Astronauts Interplanetary Satellite experiments VLF Navigation Systems (OMEGA, LORAN) Over the Horizon Radar Solar-Terres. Research & Applic. Satellites Research & Operations Requirements Satellite Orbit Prediction Solar Balloon & Rocket experiments Ionospheric Rocket experiments Radar Short-wave Radio Propagation • A few of the agencies and industries that rely on space weather services today: • U.S. power grid infrastructure • Commercial airline industry • Dep. of Transportation ( GPS) • NASA human space flight activities • Satellite launch and operations • DoD Operations Growth of Space Weather Customers Sunspot Cycles