University of Split, Croatia DANICA ŠKARA, PhD dskara@ffst.hr

1. University of Split, Croatia DANICA ŠKARA, PhD dskara@ffst.hr THE EURO-SHIP AND ITS CREW: TOWARD A METAPHORICAL RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE EU

2. The main target of this paper is to analyse the process of the EU integration and its linguistic reconceptualization: globalization processes and its vocabulary cognitive theoretical background: conceptual metaphors A limited sample of the dominant metaphors of Euro-debates is used. It highlights the characteristic differences of the EU's 'image' within and outside (candidate country) the EU. According to G. Lakoff (2008) ‘our future depends critically on which metaphorical conceptions predominate.’

3. Political changes in Europe in recent decades have created a new and unfamiliar political and linguistic landscape. The notion of Europe becomes more and more challenge to comprehension. The European Community is a child of the Cold War. (EUROMETA) The only certainty about the new Europe now struggling to be born is that its shape and character remain uncertain for a long tome to come. (EUROMETA)

4. A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION AND EUROPEANISATION • Globalization and Europeanization are two phenomena with important potential political and linguistic implications. They are often perceived as complementary, overlapping, mutually reinforcing, but also competing processes. • Global village-Common European house • Interpol-Europol • World Bank-European Central bank • World cup-Euro-cup

5. Besides differences these two processes share common vocabulary and common conceptual background based on a new reality, e.g. Computer terminology offers a rich source of metaphors transplanted all over the world: cookie, bug, office, windows, viruses, garbage,air bags, bionic organs, cyborgs, ROM, hackers, electronic mail, artificial intelligence, machine languages, black holes, etc.

6. According to P. S. Aulakh & M.G. Schechter (2000; 3) globalization can be seen as ‘a form of cross-national or supranational interconnectedness, interdependence.’ The concept of integration is not used. In a period of rapid growth of science and technology, new geopolitical shifts and globalization processes, new metalanguage appears based on global perception of the world, e.g. global village, global terror, World Wide Web (WWW), new world order, global citizenship, World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), Global Warming, INTELSAT,etc. The use of global metaphors reveals not only changed currents of our thoughts but also the structures of a radically modified society. Globalization

8. GLOBE=NETWORK, WEB • The notion of a network is quite a new concept referring to the diffusion of global norms, e.g. network society, media network, Internet Explorer, World Wide Web, etc. • At the core of this metaphor is the notion that ideas, values are transferred along more or less stable sets of relationships. A networkcan be defined ‘as a collection of links between elements of a unit.’ (J.van Dijk (2006:24) • ‘Our world has become truly globally connected. With little exaggeartion we may call the 21 century the age of networks.' (J. van Dijk, 2006:2)

9. Networks connecting individuals, groups, organizations and societies. Source: Van Dijk 2001/2003

10. Information, communication=flow Global connectivity entails not only concrete flows (of information, money, people, etc.), but also states of mind, e.g. the flow of democratic ideas from one part of the globe to another. Globalization involves the growing magnitute of interconnections of patterns of interactions and flows between societies and states.

11. Europeanisation European integration’ covers aspects of these phenomena that are focused on Europe and that involve European institutions: European Central Bank, European Parliament, European Court of Justice, European Commission, European Council, Europol, Committee of the Regions, Committee of Economic and Social Affairs, etc. Geo-political changes and the reconstruction of the EU have left their trace in different discourse types related to the concept of a “new Europe.” : multi-speed Europe, New Europe,Europe of variable geometry, etc.

12. THE METAPHORISATION OF EUROPEAN POLITICS The cognitive linguistic view maintains that conceptual metaphors are based on a variety of human experience… We consider metaphors as appropriate cognitive tools to analyse these two phenomena. Metaphors enable us to think about states in terms of their bodies, health, or to see states as houses, or natural forces (target-source domain).

13. We will introduce the concepts of shared language and transnational speech community exemplifying them with reference to the EU integration. ‘Eurospeak’ is a shared symbolic system that speakers create through their mutual interactions.

16. European Union=process, change, movement (journey) > (27%) Spatial metaphors describe the EU enlargenment in terms of movement, journey (e.g. “new steps”, “moving forward”, “brave steps into uncharted territory”, to speed (e.g. “accelerate the integration”, “slowing-down the train”), to moving objects (e.g. “new locomotive”, “our boat, deck of the Eurobus, the economic motorway, bicycle) .

17. Multi-track, Multi-speed: Europe is a giant motorway system We absolutely do not want that the slowest ship decides the pace of the convoy," the chancellor said, repeating the words used last week by Mr. Wolfgang Schäuble. (EUROMETA) Our boatis practically full. (EUROMETA) Practically everyone— not least the IMF — wants Europe to become the locomotive of world recovery once the US growth machine inevitably slows down. (EUROMETA)

18. EU=building, home, furniture (21%) The metaphorical expressions of CONTAINER understand the EU in terms of building or its parts (e.g. “European edifice”, “foundations”). For once within "Fortress Europe", they would be free to move around the other Schengen nations. (EUROMETA) If we were to join the single currency we "could find [ourselves] trapped in the economic equivalent of a burning building with no exits". (EUROMETA)

19. EU=PERSON (BODY, PARTS OF THE BODY, FAMILY) (14%) The body was an important metaphor through which the European state was understood. As the metaphor makes clear, social life and the political system are, just like the various parts of the body.

20. Europe must cure its own ills. Europe’s sclerosis is due as much too inflexible macroeconomic policy as inflexible labour markets. (EUROMETA) He wanted Britain to be at the heart of Europe. Yet too often he found himself alone at the end of a limb. (EUROMETA)

21. EU=CONCENTRIC CIRCLE (7%)

22. EU=CONCENTRIC CIRCLE ‘For long years to come , Europe will consist of a central, homogeneous core, made up essentially of France and Germany," he said. The second concentric circle would include the weaker European states, such as Britain. The outer group would take in the nations of East Europe which could not hope to meet the criteria of EU membership for some time.’ (EUROMETA)

23. EU=FOOD (4%) EU is often conceptualized as a food/menu in the meaning of diversity. The concept of the food evokes positive/familiar associations. That way, we may end up with a menu for the many, not something which is à la carte capitalism. When such a menu is written, let us also have the courage to tell the British public that it will be its choice — in the form of a referendum— whether it wants to dine at such a European banquet or discard it as a feast of fools. (EUROMETA)

24. EU=COMMUNITYASSOCIATION, CLUB (3%) The alternative Thatcherite model of an inter-governmental community — run essentially behind closed doors by the council of ministers, the club of member states — could lead to far more unaccountable centralisation of power than out-in-the-open federalism.(EUROMETA) Blair fights for entry to ‘euro club’.(EUROMETA)

25. The EU integration seen from outside The image of the EU as an entity closed to outsides (a rich man's club) is the most frequent. Other concepts are: EU as family, old lady, motion, building, fortress, etc. In official documents issued by the EU administration Croatia is often concieved as a part of the Western Balkan Countries, convergence regions, Central and Eastern Europe, candidate country, underdeveloped countries, developing countries, emergent nations, candidate country, neighbouring county, etc.

26. In the same time, Croatian speakers see themselves as a bridge, South Eastern Europe, Middle Europe, collateral victim, the wall against the East, Croatia sees itself as a fortress against the Turkish invasion (antemurale christiantitatis). Balkan is Croatian geographical prison, while Europe is its escape from the East, etc. E.g. The EU cannot keep its Balkan neighbours locked up forever. (http://www.neurope.eu.artiles/78351.php

27. Conclusion Two competing visions of the EU may be identified: ConcentricEurope, also known as core and periphery, envisions a core group of countries. Variable geometry- a way of organising the EU has to be found that permits different permutations.

28. In France and the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg) the circle model is promoted. British politics see variable/flexible geometry as a goal. The compromise between a core project and a variable geometry approach reflects the current political reality. ‘Is the Franco-German couple really the heart of the European Union, as he said during the campaign, or are Britain’s Conservatives right to imagine they have found a fellow-skeptic to flirt with?’ (source: EUROMETA)

29. To sum up, the common sense about the EU consists of some well established metaphors: the EU AS MOTION the EU AS a building The EU AS a person/body. Positions of the EU candidate countries on the EU institutional reform were quite fuzzy. The reunification of Eastern and Western Europe was see as bridging together two unequal sides: a new Europe/old Europe. The accession of the Central and Eastern EU states as their return to the European family We can conclude that Europe is under construction.

30. On one hand globalisation is offering a framework to be used to achieve modernity, interconnectedness, compression of time and space (network, flow), etc. • On the other hand Europeanisation is founded on the concept of movement, mobility, building, body, space, cooperation, harmonization, integration and partnership .