Internet Infrastructure and Protocol Layers Overview

1. Chapter 1Introduction Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6th edition Jim Kurose, Keith RossAddison-WesleyMarch 2012 Introduction

2. Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 what is the Internet? 1.2 network edge end systems, access networks, links 1.3 network core packet switching, circuit switching delay, loss, throughput in networks 1.5 protocol layers, service models Introduction

3. What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running network apps PC server wireless laptop smartphone wireless links wired links router mobile network global ISP home network • communication links • fiber, copper, radio, satellite • transmission rate: bandwidth regional ISP • Packet switches: forward packets (chunks of data) • routers and switches institutional network Introduction

4. Internet: “network of networks” Interconnected ISPs protocolscontrol sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view mobile network global ISP home network regional ISP institutional network Introduction

5. What’s the Internet: a service view Infrastructure that provides services to applications: Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, social nets, … provides programming interface to apps hooks that allow sending and receiving app programs to “connect” to Internet provides service options, analogous to postal service mobile network global ISP home network regional ISP institutional network Introduction

6. What’s a protocol? human protocols: “what’s the time?” “I have a question” introductions … specific msgs sent … specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: machines rather than humans all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt Introduction

7. a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross Got the time? 2:00 time What’s a protocol? Hi TCP connection request Hi TCP connection response <file> Q: other human protocols? Introduction

8. Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 what is the Internet? 1.2 network edge end systems, access networks, links 1.3 network core packet switching, circuit switching 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks 1.5protocol layers, service models Introduction

9. A closer look at network structure: network edge: hosts: clients and servers servers often in data centers mobile network global ISP home network • access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links regional ISP • network core: • interconnected routers • network of networks institutional network Introduction

10. Access networks and physical media Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? residential access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks Introduction

11. Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL) ISP voice, data transmitted at different frequencies over dedicated line to central office DSL access multiplexer central office telephone network DSL modem splitter DSLAM • use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM • data over DSL phone line goes to Internet • voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net Introduction

12. C O N T R O L D A T A D A T A V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O V I D E O 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 Channels Access net: cable network cable headend … cable modem splitter frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in different frequency bands Introduction

13. cable modem termination system data, TV transmitted at different frequencies over shared cable distribution network ISP Access net: hybrid fiber coax (HFC ) cable headend … cable modem splitter CMTS • network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router • homes share access networkto cable headend • unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office Introduction

14. Enterprise access networks (Ethernet) institutional link to ISP (Internet) institutional router Ethernet switch institutional mail, web servers • typically used in companies, universities, etc • 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates • today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch Introduction

15. Wireless access networks shared wireless access network connects end system to router via base station aka “access point” wide-area wireless access • provided by STC (cellular) operator, 10’s km • between 1 and 10 Mbps • 3G, 4G: LTE wireless LANs: • within building (100 ft) to Internet to Internet Introduction

16. Physical media bit:propagates betweentransmitter/receiver pairs physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver categories of physical media: guided media: signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio Introduction

17. Guided media: twisted pair,coax, fiber coaxial cable: two concentric copper conductors bidirectional broadband: multiple channels on cable HFC twisted pair (TP) • two insulated copper wires • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gpbs Ethernet • Category 6: 10Gbps Introduction

18. guided media: twisted pair,coax, fiber fiber optic cable: • glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit • high-speed operation • low error rate Introduction

19. Unguided media: Radio Channels • signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum • no physical “wire” • bidirectional • propagation environment effects and distance. Introduction

20. Recap • What is the Internet? • hosts, routers, communication links • protocols • Network Edge • client-server, peer-to-peer • Access networks • residential access networks ( DSL , Cable network (HFC)) • institutional access networks (Ethernet) • mobile access networks ( LAN , WAN) • Categories of physical media: • guided media: solid media: copper, fiber, coax • unguided media: freely media: e.g., radio, wireless mobile network global ISP home network regional ISP institutional network Introduction

21. 1.1 what is the Internet? 1.2 network edge end systems, access networks, links 1.3 network core packet switching, circuit switching 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks 1.5 protocol layers, service models Chapter 1: roadmap Introduction

22. Mesh of interconnected routers The fundamental question: how is data transferred through switches and links? circuit-switching: dedicated circuit per call (e.g. telephone network) packet-switching: data sent through net in discrete “chunks” The network core Introduction

23. Packet-switching: hosts break application-layer messages into packets forward packetsfrom one router to the next, across links on path from source to destination each packet transmitted at full link capacity Packet-switching Introduction

24. Packet-switching: store-and-forward Store and forward:entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps end-end delay = 2L/R (assuming zero propagation delay) one-hop numerical example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps one-hop transmission delay = 5 sec L bits per packet 1 3 2 source destination R bps R bps Introduction

25. Packet Switching: queueing delay, loss C R = 100 Mb/s A D R = 1.5 Mb/s B E queue of packets waiting for output link queuing and loss: • If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a period of time: • packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link • packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up Introduction

26. Circuit Switching End-end resources allocated and reserved for “call” between source & destination. in the diagram, there is : 4 circuit-switches and 4 links each link has four circuits. call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st circuit in right link. Characteristic of circuit swithcing: dedicated resources: no sharing call setup required circuit segment idle even if not used by call (no sharing) commonly used in traditional telephone networks Introduction

27. Circuit Switching • Network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces” • pieces allocated to calls • There are two common ways of dividing link bandwidth into “pieces”: • FDM: frequency-division multiplexing • TDM: time-division multiplexing Introduction

28. Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM Example: 4 users FDM: frequency-division multiplexing frequency time TDM: Time-division multiplexing frequency time Introduction

29. great for bursty data resource sharing simpler, no call setup packet delay and loss protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior? bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps is packet switching a “slam dunk winner?” Packet switching versus circuit switching Introduction

30. Chapter 1: roadmap 1.1 what is the Internet? 1.2 network edge end systems, access networks, links 1.3 network core packet switching, circuit switching 1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks 1.5 protocol layers, service models 1.6 networks under attack: security 1.7 history Introduction

31. How do loss and delay occur? packets queue in router buffers packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link capacity packets queue, wait for turn packet being transmitted (delay) packets queueing(delay) free (available) buffers: arriving packets dropped (loss) if no free buffers A B Introduction

32. Four sources of packet delay dproc: nodal processing check bit errors determine output link typically < microsecond transmission A propagation B nodal processing queueing dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop dqueue: queueing delay • time waiting at output link for transmission • depends on congestion level of router. • typically < microsecond or millisecond Introduction

33. Four sources of packet delay transmission A propagation B nodal processing queueing dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop dtrans: transmission delay: • The amount of time required to push all of the packet’s bits into the link. • L: packet length (bits) • R: link bandwidth (bps) • dtrans= L/R dprop: propagation delay: • The time required to propagate from the beginning of the link to router B • d: length of physical link • s: propagation speed in medium ( 2x108m/sec to 3x108m/sec ) • dprop = d/s Introduction

34. Caravan analogy cars “propagate” at 100 km/hr toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (bit transmission time) car~bit; caravan ~ packet Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll booth? time to “push” entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 12*10 = 120 sec time for last car to propagate from 1st to 2nd toll both: 100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr A: 62 minutes 100 km 100 km ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth Introduction

35. Caravan analogy (more) suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at first booth? A: Yes! after 7 min, 1st car arrives at second booth; three cars still at 1st booth. 100 km 100 km ten-car caravan toll booth toll booth Introduction

36. R: link bandwidth (bps) L: packet length (bits) a: average packet arrival rate Queueing delay (revisited) average queueing delay traffic intensity = La/R • La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small • La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large • La/R > 1: more “work” arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite! La/R ~ 0 La/R -> 1 * Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss Introduction

37. Packet loss queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not at all buffer (waiting area) packet being transmitted A B packet arriving to full buffer is lost * Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss Introduction

38. Throughput throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver pipe that can carry fluid at rate Rsbits/sec) pipe that can carry fluid at rate Rcbits/sec) server sends bits (fluid) into pipe link capacity Rsbits/sec server, with file of F bits to send to client link capacity Rcbits/sec Introduction

39. Throughput (more) Rs < RcWhat is average end-end throughput? Rsbits/sec Rcbits/sec Rcbits/sec bottleneck link link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput Rsbits/sec • Rs > RcWhat is average end-end throughput? Introduction