KEY CONCEPT Climate is a key abiotic factor that affects the biosphere.

4.1 KEY CONCEPT Climate is a key abiotic factor that affects the biosphere.

4.1 Objectives • Differentiate between weather, climate, and microclimates • Identify factors that determine Earths climate zones

4.1 Climate is the prevailing weather of a region. • Climate is the long-term pattern of weather conditions. • average temperature • precipitation • relative humidity • Key factors shape an area’s climate. • temperature • sunlight • water • wind

4.1 • A microclimate is the climate of a small specific place within a larger area.

4.1 Earth has three main climate zones. • The three main zones are the polar, tropical, and temperate climates. • polar climate: the far northernand southern regions ofEarth • tropical zone: surrounds the equator • temperate zone: the wide area in betweenthe polar and tropical zones

4.1 90 N polar temperate tropical temperate polar • The angle of the Sun’s rays help determine an area’s climate.

4.1 • Solar heating causes movements in both water and air. • wind • ocean currents • Earth’s rotation also has effects on the winds and currents • Earth’s tilt on its axis plays a role in seasonal change.

4.1 • Landmasses shape inland climates. • larger changes in temperatures • less precipitation • Oceans shape coastal climates. • smaller changes in temperatures • higher humidity • more precipitation

4.1 western slope eastern slope • Precipitation occurs on the side of the mountain facing the wind. • On the downwind side, drier and cooler air produce a rain shadow. • A rain shadow is an area of decreased precipitation. • Mountains have an effect on climate.

4.1 • Many organisms survive in a specific climate due to their adaptations.

4.1 What is the difference between climate and weather

4.1 What are the 3 different climate zones, and where are they located?

4.1 Would areas along the shores of the Great Lakes have warmer summers and colder winters than other inland areas? Explain.

4.1 Would you expect an area with several microclimates to have more or fewer ecological niches? Explain.

4.2 KEY CONCEPT Every organism has a habitat and a niche.

4.2 Objectives • Differentiate between a habitat and a niche • Differentiate between competitive exclusion and ecological equivalents

4.2 Vocabulary • Habitat • Niche • Competitive exclusion • Ecological equivalent

4.2 A habitat differs from a niche. • A habitat is all aspects of the area in which an organism lives. • biotic factors • abiotic factors • An ecological niche includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce. • food • abiotic conditions • behavior

4.2 Resource availability gives structure to a community. • Species can share habitats and resources. • Competition occurs when two species use resources in the same way. • Competitive exclusion keeps two species from occupying the same niche.

4.2 • One species is better suited to the niche and the other will either be pushed out or become extinct. • The niche will be divided. • The two species will further diverge. • Competitive exclusion has different outcomes.

4.2 Madagascar South America • Ecological equivalents are species that occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions.

4.2 What are the 3 parts of an organisms ecological niche?

4.2 What does the principle Competitive Exclusion say will happen when 2 species compete for the same resource?

4.2 If a group of mantella frogs were transported to the ecosystem of the poison dart frogs, what might happen to the 2 species populations?

4.2 A bison and an elk live in the same habitat and feed on the same grasses. Does this mean that the competitive exclusion principle does not apply? Explain.

4.2 Considering the competitive exclusion principle, why may it be harmful to transport a species such as a rabbit, to another habitat where it currently does not exist?

4.2 KEY CONCEPT Organisms interact as individuals and as populations.

4.2 Objectives • Compare & Contrast interspecfic and intraspecific competition • Describe the 3 types of symbiosis

Vocabulary • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism • Parasite • Host • Predator • Prey

4.2 Competition and predation are two important ways inwhich organisms interact. • Competition occurs when two organisms fight for thesame limited resource. • Intraspecificcompetition • Interspecificcompetition

4.2 • Predation occurs when one organism captures and eats another.

4.2 • Mutualism: both organisms benefit • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships.

4.2 Commensalism Human Our eyelashes are home to tiny mites that feast on oil secretions and dead skin. Without harming us, up to 20 mites may be living in one eyelash follicle. Ø Demodicids Eyelash mites find all they need to survive in the tiny follicles of eyelashes. Magnified here 225 times, these creatures measure 0.4 mm in length and can be seen only with a microscope. + Ø + Organism is not affected Organism benefits • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. • Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is unharmed

4.2 Braconid wasp Braconid larvae feed on their host and release themselves shortly before reaching the pupae stage of development. 0 Parasitism + _ Hornworm caterpillar The host hornworm will eventually die as its organs are consumed by wasp larvae. _ Organism benefits Organism is not affected 0 • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. • Parasitism: one organism benefits, the other is harmed

4.2 • There are three major types of symbiotic relationships. • Parasitism meet their needs as ectoparasites (such as leeches) and endopaasites (such as hookworms)

4.2 During the fall spawning of salmon, grizzly bears fight over space on the banks of a river. What type of competition is this?

4.2 Describe and give an example of the 3 types of symbiosis

14.2 How are predation & parasitism similar? How do they differ?

4.2 After a lion has made a kill birds will sometimes arrive to pick at the carcass. The birds would be considered _________(A)_________________ while the lions would be considered _________(B)_____________________

4.3 KEY CONCEPT Ecological succession is a process of change in the species that make up a community.

4.3 Objectives • Describe the process of primary succession • Explain the difference between primary and secondary seuccession

4.3 Vocabulary • Succession • Primary succession • Secondary succession • Pioneer species • Climax community • Lichen: a fungus and photosynthetic partner living in a symbiotic relationship (mutualism)

4.3 Succession occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem. • Succession regenerates or creates a community after a disturbance. • a sequence of biotic changes • damaged communities are regenerated • new communities arise in previously uninhabited areas

4.3 • primary succession — started by pioneer species • There are two types of succession.

4.3 • secondary succession — started by remaining species • There are two types of succession.

4.3 How is primary succession different from secondary succession?

4.3 Why are pioneer species so important for primary succession?

4.3 Does the process of primary succession take longer in the tropical or arctic areas? Explain.

4.3 Which reaches a climax community 1st, an area undergoing primary or secondary succession? Explain

4.3 During succession, what might be the limiting factor for sun-loving mosses as taller plants begin to grow?

KEY CONCEPT Climate is a key abiotic factor that affects the biosphere.