Here we go again…

1. Here we go again… Mr. Bell:  Most students:  Some students:  (my favorites)

2. Anatomy Joke: What should you do if you’re attacked by a pack of clowns? Go for the juggler!

3. An Overview • Anatomy:Structure • Physiology: Function • Does one determine the other? • Absolutely – structure determines function. See example in textbook on p. 2 (paragraph labeled “Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology”)

4. Levels of Structural Organization • Tissues – groups of similar cells that have common functions • Organ Systems – group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose • Cells – the smallest units of all living things • Organs – composed of two or more tissue types and performs a specific function for the body • Atoms – building blocks of all matter (including cells!)

5. Levels of Structural Organization • Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

6. Organ Systems Overview • Integumentary System: The external covering of the body • aka your skin! • Protection – cushions and protects deep tissues from injury; integral role in disease prevention • Excretion – gets rid of wastes such as salts and urea • Regulation of body temperature • First point of contact with the environment – contains receptors for temperature, pressure, and pain that relay information to the brain

7. Skeletal System • Bones, Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints • Functions: • Support – framework and connection point for muscles; reason we have the shape we do • Movement – muscles attach to different parts of the skeleton to create movement upon muscle contraction • Protection – protecting covering around the heart/lungs and skull • Hematopoiesis – production of blood cells • Mineral Storage

8. Muscular System • 3 types of muscle • Skeletal – muscles attached to bones; responsible for movement • Smooth – involuntary muscle; make up hollow organs that move fluids within the body • Cardiac – specialized muscle of the heart • Function: • Movement! (locomotionor movement of fluids)

9. Nervous System • Brain, Spinal Cord, nerves, sensory receptors • Function: • Respond to stimuli (such as temperature, light, sound, oxygen levels, stretching of tissue, etc.) • Internal (Ex. oxygen levels) vs. external (Ex. light/sound) • Control center of the body – assesses information from sensory receptors and sends appropriate response to effectors in the body

10. Endocrine System • Glands: thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes • Function: regulate body activity using hormones • Slower than CNS (messages sent to distant targets) • Ex: Growth, Reproduction, Food usage (cellular level)

11. Cardiovascular System: • Heart and Blood Vessels • Function: Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells (red blood cells) • Protect the body from invasion (white blood cells)

12. Lymphatic System • Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid glands (spleen, tonsils) • Function: cleanse blood and house cells involved in immunity

13. Respiratory System • Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Function: supply oxygen to the rest of the body • Remove carbon dioxide from the blood

14. Digestive System • Oral Cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum • Function: break down food • Remove nutrients and deliver to blood • Remove waste

15. Urinary System • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra • Function: remove wastes containing nitrogen from the body (ex: urea) • Maintenance of water/salt balance • Maintenance of pH levels within the body

16. Reproductive System • Testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes • Function: production of offspring • Female: growth and development of offspring (pregnancy)

17. Life Functions • Maintenance of boundaries (keep the “inside” on the inside and the “outside” on the outside…also separates different body systems from others to ensure continuous functioning) • Movement • Responsiveness (irritability) • Digestion • Metabolism (simple definition: use of energy) • Excretion (removal of wastes) • Reproduction • Growth

18. Survival Needs • Nutrients…are a pretty big deal • Oxygen…even bigger deal • Water…kind of in the middle… • Body Temperature • Atmospheric pressure • If these things are not maintained within the normal homeostatic range, death can result

19. Homeostasis • The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing • Constantly changing (ironic) • Within a narrow range • The body is maintaining a dynamic equilibrium

20. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Carried out by Nervous and Endocrine Systems • Key Terms: • Variable: factor or event being regulated • Receptor: sensor that monitors and responds to changes in variables • Stimuli: changes in variables • Input: information sent from the receptor to the control center • Afferent Pathway: information flows from the receptor to the control center…think Afferent Approaches the control center • Control Center: Assesses information and initiates a response

21. Cont’d… • Efferent Pathway: information flows from the control center to the effector (think Efferent Exits the control center) • Effector: provides the means for the control center’s response • Variable: see previous slide

22. Homeostasis

23. Cont’d • Negative Feedback Mechanisms: • The net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity • Positive Feedback Mechanisms: • Increase the original disturbance and push the variable farther from its original value • Control infrequent events that occur explosively • Do not require continuous adjustment

24. Homeostatic Imbalance • Disturbances in the homeostatic mechanism • Typically result in Disease because body is outside of its normal homeostatic ranges

25. Anatomical Position • Standard position of the body (assumption) • Used to accurately describe body parts and position • Body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms forward

26. Body Planes and Sections • Internal Structures of the Body • Types of Plane: • Sagittal (midsagittal) – divides the body into a left and right part; a midsagittal plane divides the body into left and right HALVES • Frontal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

27. Body Cavities • Dorsal • Cranial, Spinal • Ventral • All structures within chest and abdomen • Much larger

28. Ventral Body Cavity • Thoracic Cavity • Lungs/heart/trachea; rib cage • Separated from others by diaphragm • Mediastinum divides R/L halves of the thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic Cavity • Abdominal – stomach, liver, intestines, etc. • Pelvic – reproductive organs, bladder and rectum

29. Subdivisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity • Umbilical • Epigastric • Hypogastric (pubic) • Inguinal (R/L) • Lumbar (R/L) • Hypochondriac (R/L)