Christianity

1. Christianity

2. Christianity at a Glance • Christianity is the most popular religion in the world with over 2 billion adherents. Christianity is the most adhered to religion in the United States, with 75% of polled American adults identifying themselves as Christian in 2015. This is down from 85% in 1990, lower than 81.6% in 2001, and slightly lower than 78% in 2012. About 62% of those polled claim to be members of a church congregation. The United States has the largest Christian population in the world, with nearly 240 million Christians, although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.19 billion Christians around the world in 2010, more than three times as much from the 600 million recorded in 1910, however this rate of growth is slower than the overall population growth over the same time period. According to a 2015 Pew Research Center study, by 2050, the Christian population is expected to be 3.0 billion.

3. Christianity at a Glance (continued) • Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah promised in the Old Testament. • Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. • Christians believe that God sent His Son to earth to save humanity from the consequences of its sins. • One of the most important concepts in Christianity is that of Jesus giving His life on the Cross (the Crucifixion) and rising from the dead on the third day (the Resurrection). • Christians believe that there is only one God, but that there are three elements to this one God: • God the Father • God the Son • The Holy Spirit • Christians worship in churches. • Their spiritual leaders are called priests or ministers. • The Christian holy book is the Bible, and consists of the Old and New Testaments. • Christian holy days such as Easter and Christmas are important milestones in the Western secular calendar

4. Beliefs

5. The Assumption of Mary • Roman Catholics believe the doctrine of the Assumption, which teaches that at the end of her life, Mary, the mother of Christ, was taken body and soul (i.e. both physically and spiritually) into heaven to live with her son (Jesus Christ) for ever. • Human beings have to wait until the end of time for their bodily resurrection, but Mary's body was able to go straight to heaven because her soul had not been tainted by original sin. • Catholics celebrate the Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary on August 15th each year. Eastern Orthodox Christians, following the Julian calendar, mark the event as the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos, or the Dormition of the Most Holy Mother of God on 28thAugust.

6. Creationism and Intelligent Design Creationism The main points of creationism are these: • All life was created by the actions of God • Some Creationists say God did this in a single creative event • Some Creationists do not limit creation to one event • All the forms of life existing today were created by the actions of God • The organisms created by God can't produce new forms of organism - only God can do this • The most common theory follows the accounts in the Biblical Book of Genesis, but most religions have their own creation story • Modern creationism uses scientific evidence to support scripture • Most scientists say the creationism theory is false and unscientific Intelligent design (also called neo-Creationism) • The current state of life on Earth has come about through the actions of an intelligent Designer • This is because • Some living things contain certain types of complexity that are best explained as the result of an intelligent cause • Some aspects of the universe show positive evidence of having been designed by some form of intelligence • This designer need not be God but most proponents of intelligent design seem to have God in mind • This theory has been accused of being creationism in disguise • Although a few scientists have supported intelligent design, the majority of those working in the field regard the theory as false and unscientific

7. Immaculate Conception • The doctrine of the Immaculate Conception teaches that Mary, the mother of Christ, was conceived without sin and her conception was thus immaculate. • Mary's sinless conception is the reason why Catholics refer to Mary as "full of grace". • The Feast of the Immaculate Conception is celebrated by Catholics on December 8th each year.

8. Original Sin • Original sin is an Augustine Christian doctrine that says that everyone is born sinful. This means that they are born with a built-in urge to do bad things and to disobey God. It is an important doctrine within the Roman Catholic Church. The concept of Original Sin was explained in depth by St Augustine and formalized as part of Roman Catholic doctrine by the Councils of Trent in the 16th Century. • Original sin is not just this inherited spiritual disease or defect in human nature; it's also the 'condemnation' that goes with that fault. An explanation for the evils of the world • Some Christians believe that original sin explains why there is so much wrong in a world created by a perfect God, and why people need to have their souls 'saved' by God. A condition you're in, not something you do • Original sin is a condition, not something that people do: It's the normal spiritual and psychological condition of human beings, not their bad thoughts and actions. Even a newborn baby who has not done anything at all is damaged by original sin. The sin of Adam • In traditional Christian teaching, original sin is the result of Adam and Eve's disobedience to God when they ate a forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden. Effects of original sin • Original sin affects individuals by separating them from God, and bringing dissatisfaction and guilt into their lives. • On a world scale, original sin explains such things as genocide, war, cruelty, exploitation and abuse, and the "presence and universality of sin in human history". How to cure original sin • Some Christians believe that human beings can't cure themselves of original sin. The only way they can be saved from its consequences is by the grace of God. • The only way people can receive God's grace is by accepting His love and forgiveness, believing that Jesus Christ died on the cross to redeem their sins, and getting baptized.

9. Why did Jesus die? • The events leading up to the arrest and crucifixion of Jesus are well-told by the Gospel writers, as are stories of the Resurrection. But why did Jesus die? • In the end the Roman authorities and the Jewish council wanted Jesus dead. He was a political and social trouble-maker. But what made the death of Jesus more significant than the countless other crucifixions carried out by the Romans and witnessed outside the city walls by the people of Jerusalem? • Christians believe that Jesus was far more than a political radical. For them the death of Jesus was part of a divine plan to save humanity. • The death and resurrection of this one man is at the very heart of the Christian faith. For Christians it is through Jesus's death that people's broken relationship with God is restored. This is known as the Atonement.

10. The basics of Christian beliefs God, Jesus and the Saints God • Christians believe that there is only one God, whom they call Father as Jesus Christ taught them. Jesus • Christians recognize Jesus as the Son of God who was sent to save mankind from death and sin. • Jesus Christ taught that He was Son of God. His teachings can be summarized, briefly as the love of God and love of one's neighbor. • Jesus said that He had come to fulfil God's law rather than teach it.

11. The basics of Christian beliefs (continued) Justification by faith • Christians believe in justification by faith - that through their belief in Jesus as the Son of God, and in His death and resurrection, they can have a right relationship with God whose forgiveness was made once and for all through the death of Jesus Christ. The Trinity • Christians believe in the Trinity - that is, in God as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. • Some confuse this and think that Christians believe in three separate gods, which they do not. • Christians believe that God took human form as Jesus Christ and that God is present today through the work of the Holy Spirit and evident in the actions of believers.

12. The basics of Christian beliefs (continued) • Life after death • Christians believe that there is a life after earthly death. • While the actual nature of this life is not known, Christians believe that many spiritual experiences in this life help to give them some idea of what eternal life will be like. • The Saints • These days, the word saint is most commonly used to refer to a Christian who has lived a particularly good and holy life on earth, and with whom miracles are claimed to have been associated after their death. • The formal title of Saint is conferred by the Roman Catholic and  Churches through a process called canonization. Orthodox • Members of these Churches also believe that Saints created in this way can intercede with God on behalf of people who are alive today. This is not accepted by most Protestants. • In the Bible, however, the word saint is used as a description of anyone who is a committed believer, particularly by St. Paul in the New Testament (i.e. Ephesians 1:1 and 1:15).

13. Prayer • Prayer is the means by which Christians communicate with their God. • The New Testament records that Jesus taught His disciples how to pray and that He encouraged them to address God as Father. Christians believe that they continue this tradition. • Sometimes the prayers are formal and part of a ritual laid down for hundreds of years. • Others are personal and spontaneous, and come from personal or group need. • Whilst prayer is often directed to God as Father, as taught by Jesus, some traditions encourage prayer to God through intermediaries such as saints and martyrs. • Prayers through Mary, as the mother of God, are central to some churches and form a traditional part of their worship.

14. The Church • The Christian church is fundamental to believers. Although it has many faults it is recognized as God's body on Earth. • The church is the place where the Christian faith is nurtured and where the Holy Spirit is manifest on earth. • It is where Christians are received into the faith and where they are brought together into one body through the Eucharist.

15. Baptism • The Christian church believes in one baptism into the Christian church, whether this be as an infant or as an adult, as an outward sign of an inward commitment to the teachings of Jesus.

16. Eucharist • Eucharist is a Greek word for thanksgiving. Its celebration is to commemorate the final meal that Jesus took with his disciples before His death (the Last Supper). • This rite comes from the actions of Jesus who, at that meal, took bread and wine and asked His disciples to consume them and continue to do so in memory of Him. • At the meal, the wine represented His blood and the bread His body. • The Eucharist (also known as a Communion meal in some churches) is central to the Church and is recognized as a sign of unity amongst Christians. • Different Churches understand and practice the Eucharist in different ways. As a result, the central ideas of the Eucharist can cause disharmony rather than unity. • For example, the idea that Christ is present in the bread and wine is interpreted literally by some churches and metaphorically by others. This has given rise to substantial and often irreconcilable disagreement.

17. The Trinity Christian beliefs concerning God • There is only one God • God is a Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit • God is perfect • God is omnipotent • God is everywhere • God knows everything • God created the universe • God keeps the universe going • God intervenes in the universe • God loves everyone unconditionally (though people have to comply with various conditions in order to achieve salvation) • Human beings can get to know God through prayer, worship, love, and mystical experiences • Human beings can get to know God through God's grace - that is through His love and His power God the Holy Spirit • After the Resurrection, Jesus remained on earth for only a few days before going up into Heaven • Jesus promised that He would stay with His followers, so after He went to Heaven He sent His Spirit to guide them • The Holy Spirit continues to guide, comfort, and encourage Christians

18. The Trinity (continued) God the Son • God lived on earth as Jesus • Jesus was both wholly God and wholly human • Jesus was born to a human woman, Mary, but conceived of the Holy Spirit • Because Jesus was wholly human he was subject to pain, suffering, and sorrow like other human beings • Jesus was executed by crucifixion but rose from the dead at the Resurrection • Jesus's life provides a perfect example of how God wants people to live • Jesus died on the Cross so that those who believe in him will be forgiven all their sins

19. End Times Millennialism, Pre-Millenialism, Dispensationalism • Millennialism, premillennialism and dispensationalismare all theories of the end of the world. • Introduction • Many Christian Churches are greatly concerned about the ultimate fate of everything in creation. They believe that God has a divine plan for the end of everything. • The technical name for the subject of the end-times is eschatology (from the Greek word eschatos which means last). • Many of the theories are inspired by the book of Revelation, the last book in the Bible. • Much of the writing and teaching about the end times is apocalyptic, frightening and threatening, and it's important to remember that many mainstream churches do not believe that these teachings should be taken literally. • But one can find a popular expression of these theories in the best-selling (over 63 million copies by 2010) Left Behind series of novels, by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins, which bring the ideas right up to date. A word of reassurance • Some Christians do believe that the end of everything is going to happen soon. But don't panic; throughout recorded history people have believed that the end of the world is about to happen, and it has not happened yet.

20. Liberation Theology • Liberation theology was a radical movement that grew up in South America as a response to the poverty and the ill-treatment of ordinary people. The movement was caricatured in the phrase If Jesus Christ were on Earth today, he would be a Marxist revolutionary. • Liberation theology said the church should derive its legitimacy and theology by growing out of the poor. The Bible should be read and experienced from the perspective of the poor. • The church should be a movement for those who were denied their rights and plunged into such poverty that they were deprived of their full status as human beings. The poor should take the example of Jesus and use it to bring about a just society. • Some liberation theologians saw in the collegiate nature of the Trinity a model for co-operative and non-hierarchical development among humans. • Most controversially, the Liberationists said the church should act to bring about social change, and should ally itself with the working class to do so. Some radical priests became involved in politics and trade unions; others even aligned themselves with violent revolutionary movements. • A common way in which priests and nuns showed their solidarity with the poor was to move from religious houses into poverty stricken areas to share the living conditions of their flock.

21. The Trinity • The doctrine of the Trinity is the Christian belief that there is One God, who is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. • Other ways of referring to the Trinity are the Triune God and the Three-in-One. • The Trinity is a controversial doctrine; many Christians admit they don't understand it, while many more Christians don't understand it but think they do. • In fact, although they'd be horrified to hear it, many Christians sometimes behave as if they believe in three Gods and at other times as if they believe in one. The idea that there is One God, who is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit means: • There is exactly one God • The Father is God • The Son is God • The Holy Spirit is God • The Father is not the Son • The Son is not the Holy Spirit • The Father is not the Holy Spirit An alternate way of explaining it is: • There is exactly one God • There are three really distinct Persons - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit • Each of the Persons is God Common mistakes The Trinity is not • Three individuals who together make one God • Three Gods joined together • Three properties of God

22. Christmas • Christmas is marked on the 25 December (7 January for Orthodox Christians). • Christmas is a Christian holy day that marks the birth of Jesus, the son of God. The story of Christmas • Jesus' birth, known as the nativity, is described in the New Testament of the Bible. • The Gospels of Matthew and Luke give different accounts. It is from them that the nativity story is pieced together. • Both accounts tell us that Jesus was born to a woman called Mary who was engaged to Joseph, a carpenter. The Gospels state that Mary was a virgin when she became pregnant. • In Luke's account Mary was visited by an angel who brought the message that she would give birth to God's son. According to Matthew's account, Joseph was visited by an angel who persuaded him to marry Mary rather than send her away or expose her pregnancy. • Matthew tells us about some wise men who followed a star that led them to Jesus' birthplace and presented Him with gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh. Luke tells how shepherds were led to Bethlehem by an angel. • According to tradition, Joseph and Mary travelled to Bethlehem shortly before Jesus' birth. Joseph had been ordered to take part in a census in his home town of Bethlehem. • All Jewish people had to be counted so the Roman Emperor could determine how much money to collect from them in tax. Those who had moved away from their family homes, like Joseph, had to return to have their names entered in the Roman records. • Joseph and Mary set off on the long, arduous 90-mile journey from Nazareth along the valley of the River Jordan, past Jerusalem to Bethlehem. Mary travelled on a donkey to conserve her energy for the birth. • But when they arrived in Bethlehem the local inn was already full with people returning for the census. The innkeeper let them stay in the rock cave below his house which was used as a stable for his animals. • It was here, next to the noise and filth of the animals, that Mary gave birth to her son and laid Him in a manger.

23. Ethics

24. Abortion • Christianity and abortion has a long and complex history, and there are a variety of positions taken by contemporary Christian denominations on the topic. There is no explicit prohibition of abortion in either the Old Testament or New Testament books of the Christian Bible. While some writers say that early Christians held different beliefs at different times about abortion, others say that, in spite of the silence of the New Testament on the issue, they condemned abortion at any point of pregnancy as a grave sin, a condemnation that they maintained even when some of them did not qualify as homicide the elimination of a fetus not yet "formed" and animated by a human soul. Some authors have contrasted the prohibition of abortion in later Christian societies with the availability of abortion that was present in earlier Roman society, arguing that this reflects a wider condemnation of pagan practices. • Today, different Christian denominations take on a range different stances on the issue of abortion.

25. Capital Punishment • Christians argue both for and against the death penalty using secular arguments, but like other religious people they often make an additional case based on the tenets of their faith. • For much of history, the Christian Churches accepted that capital punishment was a necessary part of the mechanisms of society. • Pope Innocent III, for example, put forward the proposition: "The secular power can, without mortal sin, exercise judgment of blood, provided that it punishes with justice, not out of hatred, with prudence, not precipitation." • The Roman Catechism, issued in 1566, stated that the power of life and death had been entrusted by God to the civil authorities. The use of this power did not embody the act of murder, but rather a supreme obedience to God's commandments. • In the high Middle Ages and later, the Holy See authorized that heretics be turned over to the secular authorities for execution. • The law of Vatican City from 1929 to 1969 included the death penalty for anyone who tried to assassinate the Pope. • Research done in the 1990s in the United States found that Protestants (many of whom interpret the Bible to be the literal word of God) were more likely to be in favor of the death penalty than members of other religious factions and denominations.

26. Contraception • Christian ideas about contraception come from church teachings rather than scripture, as the Bible has little to say about the subject. As a result, their teachings on birth control are often based on different Christian interpretations of the meaning of marriage, sex and the family. • Christian acceptance of contraception is relatively new; all churches disapproved of artificial contraception until the start of the 20th century. • In modern times different Christian churches hold different views about the rightness and wrongness of using birth control. • Liberal Protestant churches often teach that it is acceptable to use birth control, as long as it is not used to encourage or permit promiscuous behavior. • Less liberal churches only approve the use of contraception for people who are married to each other. • Since these churches regard sex outside marriage as morally wrong (or if not wrong, as less than good), they believe that abstaining from sex would be morally better than having sex and using birth control. • More conservative churches suggest that contraception should be limited to married couples who are using it to regulate the size and spacing of their family. They often teach that using contraception to prevent children altogether is not desirable. • The Roman Catholic Church only allows 'natural' birth control, by which it means only having sex during the infertile period of a woman's monthly cycle. Artificial methods of contraception are banned. • Thus the only way for a Catholic couple to be faithful to the Church's teachings on human sexuality and to avoid having children is to use 'natural' family planning. Many Catholics have decided to disobey church teaching in this part of their lives, causing a substantial breach between laity and the Church establishment.

27. Organ Donation • Sacrifice and helping others are key themes across all forms of Christianity, and therefore a decision to donate organs is seen as a positive thing. • Christians should be encouraged to help others in need. They look upon organ donation as an act of love, and a way of following Jesus' example. • All mainstream Protestant denominations support organ donation, whether they see it as an individual choice motivated by compassion, or encourage it as an act of charity. • The Vatican strongly supports organ donation. Eastern Orthodox Christianity, most Pentecostal and evangelical churches also support organ donation, as do the Amish.

28. War • The main Christian view of war ethics is contained in the doctrine of the Just War. • The basic assumption of modern Christians is that war is rarely justified and should be avoided unless the Just War conditions are met. • An individual Christian may believe that the standard of evidence and argument required for them to support a war is higher than the standard of evidence that national leaders may require to go to war. • Christianity is no longer (if it ever was) wholly against war. Some say that modern Christianity has a 'presumption against war', but others say that it has a 'presumption against injustice' - and the bias against war comes from the injustice that war can do. • This view says that the aim of Christianity is to promote a world in which peace and justice flourish everywhere: war may sometimes be the tool needed to do this, and waging war may sometimes be a lesser evil (a lesser injustice) than allowing injustice to persist or tolerating the victimization of innocent people.

29. Animal Rights • For most of history Christians largely ignored animal suffering. • Christian thinkers believed that human beings were greatly superior to animals. They taught that human beings could treat animals as badly as they wanted to because people had few (if any) moral obligations towards animals. • Modern Christians generally take a much more pro-animal line. They think that any unnecessary mistreatment of animals is both sinful and morally wrong. The traditional Christian view • When early theologians looked at "nature red in tooth and claw" they concluded that it was a natural law of the universe that animals should be preyed on and eaten by others. This was reflected in their theology. Christian thinking downgraded animals for three main reasons: • God had created animals for the use of human beings and human beings were therefore entitled to use them in any way they want Animals were distinctively inferior to human beings and were worth little if any moral consideration, because: • humans have souls and animals don't • humans have reason and animals don't • Christian thought was heavily humano-centric and only considered animals in relation to human beings, and not on their own terms

30. Circumcision • In the Old Testament circumcision is clearly defined as a covenant between God and all Jewish males. • Circumcision is not laid down as a requirement in the New Testament. Instead, Christians are urged to be "circumcised of the heart" by trusting in Jesus and his sacrifice on the cross. • As a Jew, Jesus was himself circumcised (Luke 2:21; Colossians 2:11-12). However, circumcision was a big issue in the early Christian Church. Adult Greeks, in particular, who converted to Christianity were unwilling to undergo the painful operation. • The ritual was not enforced amongst non-Jewish converts and circumcision was even seen by some as being contrary to the Christian faith. It became a sign of separation between circumcised Jews and new adherents of Christianity.

31. Euthanasia and Assisted Dying • Christians are mostly against euthanasia. The arguments are usually based on the beliefs that life is given by God, and that human beings are made in God's image. Some churches also emphasize the importance of not interfering with the natural process of death. Life is a gift from God • all life is God-given • birth and death are part of the life processes which God has created, so we should respect them • therefore no human being has the authority to take the life of any innocent person, even if that person wants to die Human beings are valuable because they are made in God's image • human life possesses an intrinsic dignity and value because it is created by God in his own image for the distinctive destiny of sharing in God's own life • saying that God created humankind in his own image doesn't mean that people actually look like God, but that people have a unique capacity for rational existence that enables them to see what is good and to want what is good • as people develop these abilities they live a life that is as close as possible to God's life of love • this is a good thing, and life should be preserved so that people can go on doing this • to propose euthanasia for an individual is to judge that the current life of that individual is not worthwhile • such a judgement is incompatible with recognizing the worth and dignity of the person to be killed • therefore arguments based on the quality of life are completely irrelevant • nor should anyone ask for euthanasia for themselves because no-one has the right to value anyone, even themselves, as worthless The process of dying is spiritually important, and should not be disrupted • Many churches believe that the period just before death is a profoundly spiritual time • They think it is wrong to interfere with the process of dying, as this would interrupt the process of the spirit moving towards God

32. Same-Sex Marriage 1. All humans are simultaneously sinful and loved. • All people, regardless of their story, are deeply and unconditionally loved by God, each created with profound dignity and worth, not one more than another. This is more than mere religious happy talk — it's truth whether one is gay, straight, or otherwise. But, all people are also stricken with a terminal illness: sin. Everyone. No exceptions and to the same degree. Our sin demands our repentance and needs forgiveness, and God's love and grace are where we find both. This is basic Christianity and the great equalizer of all people. 2. Jesus was not silent on homosexuality. • Some claim Jesus never said anything about homosexuality and therefore is neutral on the topic. Not true. Jesus was unequivocal in saying that to understand marriage and the sexual union, we must go back to the beginning and see how God created humanity and to what end. (See Matthew 19 and Mark 10.) Jesus holds up the creation story in Genesis not as a quaint Sunday school lesson, but as authoritative — reminding us that God created each of us male and female, each for the other. And the sexual union that God created and ordains is for husband and wife to come together in physical union, one flesh. 3. There is only one option. • Both Jesus and all of scripture approve of no other sexual union than that between a husband and wife. This is the uncontested historical teaching of Judaism and Christianity, and it is not something that true Christianity is free to adjust with the times. Yes, concubines and multiple wives are found in the Bible, but doesn't make them "biblical." In fact, they violate the Genesis narrative Christ points us to. 4. Male and female complete God's image on earth. • It is not just mere "traditionalism" that makes sex-distinct marriage the norm for Christians. It is a common grace God has given to all peoples at all times that is rooted in deeper theological reasons. The first chapter of the Jewish and Christian scriptures tells us that humanity is uniquely created to show forth the image of God in the world — to make visible the invisible. God does this not just in generic, androgynous humanity, but through two very similar but distinct types of humans: male and female. They are human universals, not cultural constructs. • When God said that it "is not good that the man be alone" (Genesis 2:18) he wasn't lamenting that Adam didn't have a buddy or was just lonely. He was saying that the male could not really know himself as male without a human "other" who equally shared his humanity but was meaningfully distinct right down to every bit of her DNA. The same is true for her in Adam. Taoists understand this in that the Yin cannot be Yin without its corresponding and contrasting Yang. In both Jewish and Christian belief, both male and female become fully human in their correspondence and contrast with one another. This does not happen solely in marriage, but it does happen most profoundly and mysteriously in marriage.

33. Same-Sex Marriage (continued) 5. Sex is indeed about babies. • It is a new and culturally peculiar idea that human sexuality is all about intimacy and pleasure, but not necessarily babies. Babies and reproduction matter. And sure, while not every male/female sexual engagement is toward the end of procreation — intimacy and pleasure matter as well — it has been the overwhelming norm and desire in nearly all marital relationships throughout time. That some couples are infertile either by age or incapability does not diminish or challenge this reality. Infertility is the vast exception for male/female couples. It is the fact of same-sex unions, a human cul-de-sac. Heterosexual union reaches into and creates the next generation. To establish a sexual relationship without any interest in or openness to babies is contrary to God's intention for such relationships. 6. Children have a right to a mother and father. • Every person ever born can track his origin to a mother and a father. There are no exceptions, including those artificially produced. This was the first command God gave to the first two humans: to come together and bring forth the coming generations of new divine image-bearers. Nearly all cultures in all places in the world at all historical times hold as fundamental that every child should be loved and raised by a mother and father. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes a mother and father as a basic right of every child. 7. Same-sex attraction is not a sin. • To be human is to have a disordered sexuality. Everyone does. We all have some manner of sexual drive that compels us to disobey God's design for sexuality. But, while temptation is universal, it's different from sin. Scripture tells us that Jesus was tempted in all ways as we are, but did not sin (see Hebrews 4:15). Sexual sin is giving in to that desire in either mind or body. Faithful Christian discipleship cannot avoid temptation, but it strives to resist and master it with God's help. Doing so is not sin, but obedience and dependence upon Christ. • Many are indeed same-sex attracted, but live obediently within a Christian sexual ethic. It can be difficult, as it is for heterosexuals who are required to live in celibacy. Christianity requires that we each subjugate our sexual (and many other) desires to our faith commitment — and countless same-sex attracted believers do so willingly and joyfully. 8. Sexual intimacy is not a right. • Every Christian has limitations placed on his sexuality. For married Christians, it is exclusive to one's spouse. For single, engaged, and divorced Christians, it is abstinence, no exceptions. Is it unfair for so many to be forced into a life that cannot know the wonder and beauty of physical intimacy just because marriage is not an option for them? Is it fair for a Christian to be stuck in a loveless marriage? Christians have long understood that fairness is not really the question. Sex is not a right, but a gift — and the Giver knows what is best for us. 9. Rewriting God's rules is never an option. • One of the marks of a Christian is his or her desire to be obedient to Christ's teaching. Certainly most of us would like to rewrite the scriptures to make life easier. Christianity is a demanding faith. The scriptures define and change us, not the other way around. A biblical sexual ethic does not, indeed cannot, change with the times. 10. People are more than their sexuality. • To identify people by their sexuality is to reduce people to their sexuality. Every individual is so much more. A person's inherent and undeniable value is rooted in his membership in humanity, not his particularity, sexual or otherwise. To advocate for extending rights to someone based in particular and occasionally mutable desires, relationships, and behaviors — as important as they might be to the individual — is actually a violation of the principle of universal human rights.

34. History

35. The Basics of Christian History Background to the life and death of Jesus Christ • The traditional story of Jesus tells of His birth in a stable in Bethlehem in the Holy Land, to a young virgin called Mary who had become pregnant with the son of God through the action of the Holy Spirit. • The story of Jesus' birth is told in the writings of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament of the Bible. • His birth is believed by Christians to be the fulfilment of prophecies in the Jewish Old Testament, which claimed that a Messiah would deliver the Jewish people from captivity. Jesus' ministry • After the story of His birth, little is known about Jesus until He began his ministry at the age of about 30. • He then spent three years teaching, healing and working miracles. • He taught in parables - everyday stories which had divine messages for those who would hear it. • He had twelve disciples whom he called to follow Him and help Him in his work.

36. The Basics of Christian History (continued) Persecution and death • Jesus stated publicly that He spoke with the authority of God. • This claim angered the religious authorities in Palestine and they handed Jesus over to the Roman authorities as a revolutionary. • He was tried for heresy, condemned and put to death by means of crucifixion. Resurrection • On the Sunday following His execution, some of His women followers discovered that the tomb into which His body had been placed was empty. • Jesus then appeared to them, alive, as the Jesus they had known prior to His death. His followers realized that God had raised Jesus from the dead. • Jesus was seen by many of His disciples and followers over the next few days before, according to the Gospel accounts, He was taken up into heaven.

37. The Basics of Christian History (continued) Paul and the early church • It has been suggested that the work of Jesus Christ and the impact of His death and resurrection would not have made any lasting impact on the world were it not for the missionary work of Paul. • The account of Paul's conversion to Christianity is contained in the New Testament book, the Acts of the Apostles. • Before his conversion Paul had been known as Saul and had been violently opposed to the Christian faith as taught by Jesus and after His death, by His disciples. • Saul experienced a dramatic conversion, known as the Damascus Road conversion, when he was temporarily blinded. • He found himself filled with the Holy Spirit and immediately began preaching the Christian gospel. Paul's concept of Christianity • Paul's teaching centered on understanding the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ as a central turning point in history. • He understood the resurrection to signal the end of the need to live under Jewish law. • Instead Paul taught of living in the Spirit in which the power of God was made to work through human flesh. • Some of his letters to fledgling churches throughout the Roman Empire are contained in the New Testament and outline Paul's theology. • He insisted that Gentiles had as much access to the faith as Jews and that freedom from the Law set everyone free. • It was this teaching which was essential for the development and success of the early church which would otherwise have remained nothing more than another Jewish sect.

38. The Basics of Christian History (continued) Roman Empire • Paul established Christian churches throughout the Roman Empire, including Europe, and beyond - even into Africa. Persecution • However, in all cases, the church remained small and was persecuted, particularly under tyrannical Roman emperors like Nero (54-68), Domitian (81-96), under whom being a Christian was an illegal act, and Diocletian (284-305). • Many Christian believers died for their faith and became martyrs for the church (Bishop Polycarp and St Alban amongst others). Constantine turns the tide • When a Roman soldier, Constantine, won victory over his rival in battle to become the Roman emperor, he attributed his success to the Christian God and immediately proclaimed his conversion to Christianity. • Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. • Constantine then needed to establish exactly what the Christian faith was and called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD which formulated and codified the faith.

39. The Basics of Christian History (continued) Formulating the Faith • Over the next few centuries, there were debates and controversies about the precise interpretation of the faith, as ideas were formulated and discussed. • The Council of Chalcedon held in 451 was the last council held whilst the Roman Empire was intact. It gave rise to the Nicene Creed which Christians still say today to affirm their belief in God, Christ and his church. • When Rome fell in 476, it meant that Western and Eastern Christians were no longer under the same political rule and differences in belief and practice arose between them. The Great Schism • The differences between Eastern and Western Christianity culminated in what has been called the Great Schism, in 1054, when the patriarchs of the Eastern and Western division (of Constantinople and Rome respectively) were unable to resolve their differences. • The split led to the Orthodox church and the Roman Catholic church. • The Orthodox church does not recognize the authority of the Roman papacy and claims a Christian heritage in direct descent from the Christian church of Christ's believers.

40. Holy Days

41. All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day • All Saints' Day (also known as All Hallows' Day or Hallowmas) is the day after All Hallows' Eve (Hallowe'en). It is a feast day celebrated on 1st November by Anglicans, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics. • It is an opportunity for believers to remember all saints and martyrs, known and unknown, throughout Christian history. As part of this day of obligation, believers are required to attend church and try not to do any servile work. • Remembering saints and martyrs and dedicating a specific day to them each year has been a Christian tradition since the 4th century AD, but it wasn't until 609AD that Pope Boniface IV decided to remember all martyrs. Originally 13th May was designated as the Feast of All Holy Martyrs. Later, in 837AD, Pope Gregory IV extended the festival to remember all the saints, changed its name to Feast of All Saints and changed the date to 1st November.

42. Ascension Day • Ascension Day celebrates Jesus's ascension to heaven after He was resurrected on Easter Day. A quotation from Mark 16:9-20 tells the story. • He appeared first to Mary of Magdala. She went and carried the news to his mourning and sorrowful followers, but when she told them that he was alive they did not believe her. Later he appeared to two of the disciples as they were walking into the countryside. They also went and took the news to the others, but again they did not believe that the Lord was alive. Then, when the eleven disciples were at the table. He appeared to them and reproached them because they had not believed those who had seen him after he was raised from the dead. Then he said to them: 'Go forth to every part of the world, and proclaim the good news to the whole creation. Those who believe it and receive baptism will find salvation; those who do not believe will be condemned, Faith will bring with it these miracles: believers will cast out devils in my name and speak in strange tongues; if they handle snakes or drink any deadly poison, they will come to no harm; and the sick on whom they lay their hands will recover.‘ So after talking with them the Lord Jesus was taken up into heaven, and he took his seat at the right hand of God. • Jesus's prophecy in this passage is believed to foreshadow the later events of Pentecost.

43. Candlemas • Candlemas commemorates the ritual purification of Mary, 40 days after the birth of her son Jesus. This day also marks the ritual presentation of the baby Jesus to God in the Temple at Jerusalem. • The Gospel of Luke says that Jesus was met by Anna and Simeon. Simeon held the baby Jesus and called him a Light to the World. • Ritual purification stems back to a Jewish tradition that women were considered unclean after the birth of a child. For 40 days for a boy, and 60 days for a girl, women weren't allowed to worship in the temple. At the end of this time, women were brought to the Temple or Synagogue to be purified. After the ceremony women were allowed to take part in religious services again. • The festival is called Candlemas because this was the day that all the Church's candles for the year were blessed. • On Candlemas night, many people place lighted candles in their windows at home. • Like some other Christian festivals, Candlemas draws some of its elements from Paganism. • In pre-Christian times, it was the festival of light. This ancient festival marked the mid point of winter, half way between the winter solstice (shortest day) and the spring equinox. • Some people lit candles to scare away evil spirits on the dark winter nights. • People believed that Candlemas predicted the weather for the rest of the winter. • For some people, different superstitions surround this festival. For instance, if a candle drips on one side when carried in church on Candlemas, this denotes a death of a family member during the year. • If someone brings snowdrops into the house on Candlemas day it symbolizes a parting or death. • Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night (January 5th) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down.

44. Corpus Christi • The festival of Corpus Christi celebrates the Eucharist as the body of Christ. The name 'Corpus Christi' is Latin for 'the body of Christ'. • This jubilant festival is celebrated by Roman Catholics and other Christians to proclaim the truth of the transubstantiation of bread and wine into the actual body of Christ during Mass. • In some countries in the world, Catholic churches still celebrate the festival, not only with a Mass, but also with a procession that carries the consecrated wafer through the streets as a public statement that the sacrifice of Christ was for the salvation of the whole world. • Corpus Christi falls between late May and the middle of June, on the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday (60 days after Easter). In some countries the festival is celebrated on the Sunday after Trinity Sunday. • In the Church of England this feast is also kept on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday and known as the Day of Thanksgiving for the Institution of Holy Communion (Corpus Christi). • It's worth noting that Christians already mark the Last Supper, when Christ instituted the Eucharist, on Maundy Thursday (the day before Good Friday). Because Maundy Thursday falls during the solemn period of Holy Week, it was thought necessary to have a separate festival of the Eucharist that would allow the celebration not to be muted by sadness.

45. Epiphany • The Epiphany is an ancient Christian feast day and is significant in a number of ways. In the East, where it originated, the Epiphany celebrates the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist in the River Jordan. It also celebrates Jesus' birth. • The Western Church began celebrating the Epiphany in the 4th century where it was, and still is, associated with the visit of the magi (wise men) to the infant Jesus when God revealed Himself to the world through the incarnation of Jesus. According to Matthew 2:11 they offered Him gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh. • For many Protestant church traditions, the season of Epiphany extends from 6 January until Ash Wednesday, which begins the season of Lent leading to Easter. • Other traditions, including the Roman Catholic tradition, observe Epiphany as a single day, with the Sundays following Epiphany counted as Ordinary Time. • In the Spanish speaking world Epiphany is also known as Dia de los Reyes (Three Kings Day).

46. All Hallows' Eve • All Hallows' Eve falls on 31 October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. • The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en.

47. Lent • Lent is the period of 40 days which comes before Easter in the Christian calendar. Beginning on Ash Wednesday, Lent is a season of reflection and preparation before the celebrations of Easter. By observing the 40 days of Lent, Christians replicate Jesus Christ's sacrifice and withdrawal into the desert for 40 days. Lent is marked by fasting, both from food and festivities. • Whereas Easter celebrates the resurrection of Jesus after His death on the cross, Lent recalls the events leading up to and including Jesus' crucifixion by Rome. This is believed to have taken place in Roman occupied Jerusalem. • The Christian churches that observe Lent in the 21st century (and not all do significantly) use it as a time for prayer and penance. Only a small number of people today fast for the whole of Lent, although some maintain the practice on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. It is more common these days for believers to surrender a particular vice such as favorite foods or smoking. Whatever the sacrifice it is a reflection of Jesus' deprivation in the wilderness and a test of self-discipline. Why 40 days? • 40 is a significant number in Jewish-Christian scripture: • In Genesis, the flood which destroyed the earth was brought about by 40 days and nights of rain. • The Hebrews spent 40 years in the wilderness before reaching the land promised to them by God. • Moses fasted for 40 days before receiving the ten commandments on Mount Sinai. • Jesus spent 40 days fasting in the wilderness in preparation for his ministry. • Most Christians regard Jesus' time in the wilderness as the key event for the duration of Lent. The color purple • Purple is the symbolic color used in some churches throughout Lent, for drapes and altar frontals. • Purple is used for two reasons: firstly because it is associated with mourning and so anticipates the pain and suffering of the crucifixion, and secondly because purple is the color associated with royalty, and celebrates Christ's resurrection and sovereignty.

48. Week of Prayer for Christian Unity • The Week of Prayer for Christian Unity involves Christian communities across the world and from almost every denomination. • The materials used in the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity are prepared each year jointly by the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches and the Roman Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity. • It is traditionally celebrated over the eight days of 18-25 January, although other dates are sometimes chosen in the Southern hemisphere. • The Week lasts for 8 days (which is why it was originally called an Octave of Prayer), and covers the period from the feast of St Peter to the feast of St Paul.

49. The Feast of the Annunciation • The feast of the Annunciation marks the visit of the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary, during which he told her that she would be the mother of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. It is celebrated on 25 March each year. • More importantly, since it occurs 9 months before the birth of Jesus on Christmas Day, the Annunciation marks the actual incarnation of Jesus Christ - the moment that Jesus was conceived and that the Son of God became the son of the Virgin. • The festival has been celebrated since the 5th century AD. The festival celebrates two things: • God's action in entering the human world as Jesus in order to save humanity • Humanity's willing acceptance of God's action in Mary's freely given acceptance of the task of being the Mother of God

50. The Christian year • The Church year is divided up by various festivals and seasons. Some, like Christmas Day, happen on the same date every year, while others move around within a range of dates. The main festival that moves is Easter, and since many other festivals have their dates fixed in relation to Easter, they move with it. Christian annual festivals • Annunciation, 25 March • The Easter period, in Spring (dates vary): • Lent • Holy Week • Easter • Ascension Day (40 days after Easter) • Pentecost (7th Sunday after Easter) • The Christmas period, late November to early January • Advent, the period leading up to Christmas: begins on the Sunday closest to 30 November • Christmas Eve, 24 December • Christmas Day, 25 December • Epiphany, early January • Some denominations of Christianity also celebrate Saints' days, which happen on fixed dates every year.