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Cancer 101: Discovering Early Detection & Screening Methods

Join our Cancer 101 program to learn about the importance of early detection, screening methods for cancer, barriers to practicing early detection, and common symptoms of cancer.

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Cancer 101: Discovering Early Detection & Screening Methods

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  1. Cancer 101: A Cancer Education and Training Program for [Target Population] Date Location Presented by: Presenter 1 Presenter 2

  2. Cancer Screening and Early Detection Cancer 101 Learning Module 5

  3. Learning Objectives At the completion of Module 5, you will be able to: • Describe the importance of early detection. • Describe two screening methods used in the detection of cancer. • Describe two barriers associated with practicing early detection. • Describe three symptoms of cancer.

  4. Why is early detection important? • The goal of early detection is to discover and stop a cancerous tumor before it grows and spreads (metastasizes). • A person’s chance for full recovery is better if cancer is detected and treated earlier.

  5. What is cancer screening? Checking for cancer in a person who does not have any symptoms is called screening.

  6. Cancer Screening (cont’d) • Medical screening tests are effective tools for the early detection of cancer. • A few types of cancer have specific tests that aid in detecting cancer.

  7. Cancer Screening & Prevention Screening tests for common types of cancer: • Breast – mammogram • Cervix – Pap test • Colon & rectum – fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, digital rectal exam • Prostate – digital rectal exam, PSA test

  8. Screening for Breast Cancer • Mammogram • Screening • Diagnostic • Digital • Clinical breast exam (CBE) • Breast self exam (BSE) • See your provider and get a mammogram every 1-2 years after age 40. Image Source: National Cancer Institute

  9. Screening for Cervical Cancer • Papanicolaou (Pap Test) • Pelvic Exam • Cervical cancer screening should begin 3 years after a woman begins having sexual intercourse, but no later than age 21. • Women should have a Pap test at least once every 3 years Image Source: National Cancer Institute

  10. How should women prepare for a Pap test? Doctors suggest the following tips… • For 48 hours before the test: • Do not douche • Do not have sexual intercourse • Do not use vaginal medicines (except as directed by doctor), birth control foams, jellies, or creams • Schedule your test 10-20 days after the first day of your menstrual period.

  11. Screening for Colon & Rectal Cancer • Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) • Guaiac FOBT • Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) • Sigmoidoscopy • Colonoscopy • Barium enema • Digital rectal exam Images Source: National Cancer Institute

  12. Images Source: National Cancer Institute

  13. Virtual Colonoscopy • Computed tomographic (CT) colonography • Less invasive, less discomfort • Detects large polyps • Evolving test, still being studied Virtual colonoscopy image of the inside of a colon. The red colored area indicates a polyp. Image courtesy of Dr. R.M. Summers, National Institutes of Health.

  14. Case Study • Martha is 55 years old. • She just went in for a check-up, and her doctor recommended that she schedule appointments for: • A Pap test. Her last one was three years ago. It was normal. • A mammogram. She had one two years ago. It was normal. • A colonoscopy. She has not had any type of colorectal screening since she turned 50.

  15. Screening for Prostate Cancer • Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) blood test Image Source: National Cancer Institute

  16. Cancer Screening & Early Detection • Awareness of body changes may help detect early signs of cancer. • Examples of changes to note: • Breast tissue • Testicular tissue

  17. Barriers to Cancer Screening & Early Detection • There are many barriers that may affect one’s decision to participate in cancer screening and early detection. • What barriers might Martha face?

  18. Barriers to Cancer Screening & Early Detection • Examples of barriers include: • Fear of cancer • Lack of knowledge • Modesty • Communication • Beliefs around illness • Are there others you can think of?

  19. Possible Symptoms of Cancer • There are many different symptoms known to be associated with certain types of cancers. • A symptom is a sign that something is not right in the body and does NOT always indicate cancer.

  20. Pay attention to your body if there is… • A change in bowel or bladder habits • A sore that does not heal • Unusual bleeding or discharge • Thickening, lump, or swelling in the breast or any other part of the body • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing • Recent change in wart or mole • Nagging cough or hoarseness

  21. Pay attention to your body if there are… • Unexplained symptoms such as: • Progressive weight loss • Fever • Skin changes • Fatigue • Pain

  22. In Summary You now have an understanding of: • The components of early detection • Importance of recognizing the barriers to practicing early detection • The symptoms of cancer

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