1 / 21

The Tonga and the Lozi

Presentation Overview. LocationHistory LanguagePoliticsSocietyEconomyReligionArt. The Tonga . . Image 1- Tonga Woman . Tonga Location (Butonga). Zambezi Basin (including Lake Kibera)- Z. Sambia, N. Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique10% of Zambia's 10 million people 2nd largest ethnic group in Zambia .

mercedes
Download Presentation

The Tonga and the Lozi

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

    1. The Tonga and the Lozi Natalie Spears 4/6/07

    2. Presentation Overview Location History Language Politics Society Economy Religion Art

    3. The Tonga

    4. Tonga Location (Butonga) Zambezi Basin (including Lake Kibera)- Z. Sambia, N. Zimbabwe, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique 10% of Zambia’s 10 million people 2nd largest ethnic group in Zambia

    5. Tonga History 1100 C.E.- Decedents of Early Iron Age ppl. Migrated from S. of Zambezi River? north (Bantu Migrations) 2 Major Groups Plateau Tonga- unfertile soil Cattle Herders Cultivate Maze Iron working Valley (Gwembe) Tonga- floodplain Floodplain cultivation (Maize, Millet, Sorghum) Fishing 1890’s- Tonga come under control of British South Africa Company (BSA) - occupy S. Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) + N. Rhodesia (Zambia) 1920’s- BSA gave possession of lands to British government- divide Tonga into 3 “native reserves” indirect rulers, assign Tonga chiefs to administer local government under British domination forced off lands to make room for European settlers 1950’s Construction of Kariba Dam also causes Tonga displacement Post WWII- Tonga farmers support nationalist movement and African National Congress 1960’s- United National Independence Party try to drown out Tonga led African National Congress Currently constitutional amendments to disfranchise Tonga Independence- Zambia (1964) and Zimbabwe (1980) ? Corrupt one party state governed by Kenneth Kaunda and Mugabi

    6. Tonga language (Citonga) Belongs to Bantu language family Different Dialects Bemba Luyana Chichewa Plateau Tonga used in School Literature often written in English 20% of Zambians speak Tonga

    7. Tonga Politics Pre- colonization lack of chief and political structure Matrilineages- traced decedents through mother Provide basic structure for small dispersed villages Lack of political structure? easily raided by other tribes such as Lozi looking for slaves and cattle Post- Colonization more centralization and hierarchical rule Inhabited more urban areas but still remain less urban than other ethnic groups

    8. Tonga Society 12 Matrilineal clans (neighborhoods), 7-8 villages, few hundred ppl. Provide basic structure for dispersed villages- no leaders or defined political functions Cooperative interdependence Bound by kinship, marriage, friendship, trade, cattle loans, exchange of labor Patriarchal Matrilineal clans provide peaceful conflict resolution Men Herd cattle, farm, fish, help construct houses, ironworkers Women Share many of same responsibilities as men herd cattle, farm, fish, basket weaving Domestic servants

    9. Tonga Economy Subsistence Farming- Valley Tonga Maize Millet Sorghum Peanuts Vegetables Cotton- cash crop Cattle Herding- Plateau Tonga Traditional Craftsmen in urban areas Iron working, blacksmithing, carpentry, basket weaving Little trade pre colonization

    10. Tonga Religion Christianity combined with Traditional Tonga religion European missionaries force Tonga to convert to Christianity Tonga Religion Belief in creator god = Leza (similar to Christian God) Celebrate spirits of dead Offerings to ancestors called mizimo Basango- spirits w/ wider influence than Mizimo

    11. Tonga Art Pottery Carvings Baskets Mats Music Dance Literature Folklore and oral history Elders pass on mythical stories about knowledge and principles Explain beginnings of Tonga society First Monze chief who descended from heaven and called on Tonga to help settle his kingdom Used his power to heal, cause rain, and keep peace

    12. The Lozi (Barotse)

    13. Lozi Location - Barotseland 25 peoples of about 6 cultural groups Mostly occupy West Zambia- Floodplains of Zambezi River Lozi absorb smaller tribes (Kwanda, Makoma) Also located in Mozambique and Zimbabwe, Nambia, Angola, Botswana

    14. Lozi History Descendents of Luyi 1600’s Migrated from DRC ? Zambezi floodplains Led by Mwambwa (woman) 1700’s emergence of Lozi kingdom Mboo first Lozi king (Litunga) Unified under Nglama completed by Mulambwa 1780- 1830 Lozi Kingdom prospers under Mulambwa 1830 Civil War breaks out when Mulambwa dies 1890’s BSA take over Barotseland (part of N. Rhodesia) 1924 Europeans force Lozi to “native reserves” 1964 N. Rhodesia Independence (Zambia)

    15. Lozi Language Original language- Luyana pre 1840 Derived from Sotho dialect from S. Africa 1840 Kololo becomes dominant language under Kololo rule even though only ruled for 24 years Also dialect of Sotho Today people speak a combination of Luyana and Kololo Lozi = “plain” Barotse = “people”

    16. Lozi Politics Pre colonialism Checks and balances country officials and offices check and balance litunga power Hierarchy Litunga (king) = ruler Rules from Lealui in the north Mulena mukwae (princess chief) governs the S. in Nalolo Consists of aristocrats, commoners, and serfs Colonial era hierarchy replaced by states ruled by state government Traditional kings and chiefs retained titles, roles, and customs but also weakend Post Colonialism Zambia government working towards single national identity vs. ethnic identity Decline in kings power

    17. Lozi Society Villages round thatched houses surrounding open space used for cattle Floods? temporarily abandon villages and move to higher grounds Polygamous marriages Women live independently High divorce rates Bilateral lineages (slightly patrilineal)

    18. Lozi Economy Livestock and Herding Sheep Goats cattle Farming Millet Cassava Sorghum Corn Some fruit and veg Hunting Fishing Raid other tribes to compensate for shortage in resources and labor

    19. Lozi Religion Belief in one god (Nyambe- meaning “sun”) represented as united with the moon goddess as the ruling pair. Celebration of spirits of ancestors and former rulurs Traditional rituals to honor death men look east, women look west Buried w/ possessions Dead spirit goes to “halfway house” Diviners (medicine men) Dance to drive away evil sorcery that causes illness Naka (witch doctor) performs exorcism over patient Major festivals to celebrate: Rise and fall of Zambezi river Kuomboka- King moving from floodplain (Lealui) capital above floodplain (Limulunga)

    20. Lozi Art Weaving Wood carving Expression through song, instrument, and dance Band of musicians in kings court (sing and play instruments) Drums, marimbas, zanza (ten pieces of metal fixed around a plate of hardwood on an empty calabash), stringed instruments constructed out of ribs of fan palms, iron bells, rattles, pipes of ivory wood, or reeds ironic folktales Subjects include: people, objects, places Draw on historic allusion and proverbial wisdom

    21. Source Citation Bridget, Giles. "Lozi." Encyclopedia of African Peoples. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2005. Bridget, Giles. "Tonga." Encyclopedia of African Peoples. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2005. Gordon, Donald L., and April A. Gordon. Understanding Contemporary Africa. Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1996. "Lozi." Wikipedia. Jan.-Feb. 2007. 1 Apr. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_people "Lozi." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition. 5  Apr.  2007  <http://school.eb.com/eb/article-9049183>. "Tonga." Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cultures. 2nd ed. U*X*L, 1999. Student Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 05 April 2007 <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SRC> Reader, John. Africa: a Biography of the Continent. New York: Alfred a. Knopf, 1999. Ryan, Christine, comp. The Tonga and the Lozi. 6 Apr. 2007 <http://www.potomacschool.org/data/files/News/ClassroomNews2/ChristineTongaLozi.pdf Shillington, Kevin, ed. "Tonga." Encyclopedia of African History. 2 vols. New York: Taylor and Francis Group, 2005. Shillington, Kevin, ed. "Lozi." Encyclopedia of African History. 2 vols. New York: Taylor and Francis Group, 2005.

    22. Picture Citations 1www.everyculture.com/images/ctc_04_img1203.jpg 2 www.africanvacation.co.za/.../zambia_map.gif 3 www.everyculture.com/images/ctc_04_img1203.jpg 4 www.cs.mcgill.ca/.../africa/people/13_home.jpg 5 http://www.everyculture.com/images/ctc_04_img1203.jpg 7 yewo.blogspot.com/2005_01_16_yewo_archive.html 6 http://www.everyculture.com/images/ctc_04_img1203.jpg 8 http://www.hamillgallery.com/DRUMS/DrumsMisc/TongaDrum01s.JPG 9 http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/5/5c/300px-Flag_of_Barotseland.svg.png 10 http://africa-adventure.com/parks/images_parks/Zambia-map.jpg 11 www.4dw.net/royalark/Zambia/lozi-Mwanawina.jpg 12 http://www.askadavid.org/photos/photos68/village_huts.jpg 13 http://lava.nationalgeographic.com/pod/pictures/sm_wallpaper/NGM1997_10p26-7.jpg 14 http://www.afropop.org/img/sa/zambiaZambian-kalimba.gif 15 http://www.thecityreview.com/s01stri3.gif

More Related